Geospatial information infrastructures

Manual of Digital Earth / Editors: Huadong Guo, Michael F. Goodchild, Alessandro Annoni .- Springer, 2020 .- ISBN: 978-981-32-9915-3Geospatial information infrastructures (GIIs) provide the technological, semantic,organizationalandlegalstructurethatallowforthediscovery,sharing,and use of geospatial information (GI). In this chapter, we introduce the overall concept and surrounding notions such as geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial datainfrastructures(SDI).WeoutlinethehistoryofGIIsintermsoftheorganizational andtechnologicaldevelopmentsaswellasthecurrentstate-of-art,andreflectonsome of the central challenges and possible future trajectories. We focus on the tension betweenincreasedneedsforstandardizationandtheever-acceleratingtechnological changes. We conclude that GIIs evolved as a strong underpinning contribution to implementation of the Digital Earth vision. In the future, these infrastructures are challengedtobecomeflexibleandrobustenoughtoabsorbandembracetechnological transformationsandtheaccompanyingsocietalandorganizationalimplications.With this contribution, we present the reader a comprehensive overview of the field and a solid basis for reflections about future developments

Smart cities in a smart world

Very often the concept of smart city is strongly related to the flourishing of mobile applications, stressing the technological aspects and a top-down approach of high-tech centralized control systems capable of resolving all the urban issues, completely forgetting the essence of a city with its connected problems. The real challenge in future years will be a huge increase in the urban population and the changes this will produce in energy and resource consumption. It is fundamental to manage this phenomenon with clever approaches in order to guarantee a better management of resources and their sustainable access to present and future generations. This chapter develops some considerations on these aspects, trying to insert the technological issues within a framework closer to planning and with attention to the social impact

Misura e mappatura dell’umidità nei materiali storici: uno studio comparativo fra tecnologie e metodiche innovative

The different techniques used for field measurements of water content and moisture distribution in the san Rocco chuech in Cornaredo, Italy, were comapred and discussed. The comparison considers the heterogenewous nature fo the data collected, and the benefits and disvantages of eache technique tested

Limits and advantages of different techniques for testing moisture content in masonry

The different techniques used for field measurements of moisture content in the San Rocco Church in Cornaredo, Italy, were compared and discussed. The comparison considers the heterogeneous nature of the data collected, and the benefits and disadvantages of each technique tested. The results from the techniques used to measure water content in the superficial layer were in very good agreement, while the data from the techniques that were applied to test more deeply within the masonry showed greater variability because of the variability of the diffusion of water deep inside the material and the lack of established techniques to obtain the reference results from the deepest layers of the materials. Therefore, the discussion presented in this paper summarizes some of the obtained results that are useful when comparing the techniques. This comparison highlights the techniques according to their reliability and feasibility for use in the field, required surface features for the application, work conditions, current techniques and costs associated with the use of the tests