Structural dynamics of metabotropic glutamate receptors by single-molecule FRET

Les récepteurs métabotropiques au glutamate (mGluR), qui appartiennent à la classe C des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG), sont bien connus pour leurs rôles importants dans les troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques. La compréhension de leur mécanisme d’activation est essentielle pour la mise au point de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. Récemment, le nombre de structures de RCPG cristallisées a augmenté de façon exponentielle grâce à l'application des méthodes de stabilisation de la protéine. Cependant, certaines ambiguïtés et incohérences ont été révélées au cours des études cristallographiques. En outre, des études en molécules uniques, y compris par transfert d'énergie d’excitation électronique de Förster (smFRET), ont montré la nature très dynamique des RCPG en général, et du domaine d’activation de mGluR en particulier. Ici, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d'activation des mGluR entiers en utilisant des techniques de FRET d’ensemble et sur molécules uniques. Les techniques de HTRF ont permis l’optimisation de la préparation des échantillons. Un protocole a été mis au point, permettant d'extraire les mGlu2 entiers dans du détergent, à partir de cellules HEK293T, sans affecter de manière importante la pharmacologie et de la stabilité des récepteurs. Les expériences de FRET en molécules uniques ont été effectuées avec la technique MFD-PIE. Une analyse poussée de ces données, par mesure de l'efficacité de FRET ratiométrique, de durée de vie des fluorophores dans l’état excité, et d’analyse en corrélation (FCS), ont permis de montrer un changement conformationel rapide (sub-milliseconde) des récepteurs mGlu2 entiers. Par ailleurs, le rôle de stabilisation du domaine transmembranaire en faveur de l’état actif a été prouvé.Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), which belong to class C of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), are well-known for their important roles in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Understanding of receptor activation is essential to decipher the receptor functioning, and thus orientate drugs design for targeted therapeutics. Recently, the number of GPCR crystal structures has increased exponentially thanks to the application of protein stabilization methods. However, these crystallography studies have revealed certain ambiguities and discrepancies, and these approaches do not take into account the dynamic nature of GPCR activation. Indeed, single-molecule studies, including single-molecule FRET (smFRET), have revealed the highly dynamic nature of GPCR in general, and fast conformational changes of mGluR domains in particular. Here, we study the activation mechanism of the full-length mGluR by FRET techniques at ensemble and single-molecule level. Homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) was applied for optimizing the sample preparation. An appropriate protocol was established, allowing to extract mGlu2 full-length in detergent from the HEK293T cells without significantly affecting its pharmacology and stability. smFRET experiments were performed using the combination of multiparameter fluorescence detection (MFD) with pulsed interleaved excitation (PIE). Advanced data analysis such as ratiometric FRET efficiency, lifetime-based FRET measurement, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) revealed that the fast dynamic oscillation in sub-millisecond timescale of the full-length mGlu2, and prove the stabilization role of the transmembrane domain of the full-length receptor in favor of the active state

Allosteric modulators enhance agonist efficacy by increasing the residence time of a GPCR in the active state

Much hope in drug development comes from the discovery of positive allosteric modulators (PAM) that display target subtype selectivity, and act by increasing agonist potency and efficacy. How such compounds can allosterically influence agonist action remains unclear. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) are G protein-coupled receptors that represent promising targets for brain diseases, and for which PAMs acting in the transmembrane domain have been developed. Here, we explore the effect of a PAM on the structural dynamics of mGlu2 in optimized detergent micelles using single molecule FRET at submillisecond timescales. We show that glutamate only partially stabilizes the extracellular domains in the active state. Full activation is only observed in the presence of a PAM or the G i protein. Our results provide important insights on the role of allosteric modulators in mGlu activation, by stabilizing the active state of a receptor that is otherwise rapidly oscillating between active and inactive states

Single-molecule analysis reveals the mechanism of transcription activation in M. tuberculosis

International audienceThe s subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) controls recognition of the −10 and −35 promoter elements during transcription initiation. Free s adopts a "closed," or inactive, conformation incompatible with promoter binding. The conventional two-state model of s activation proposes that binding to core RNAP induces formation of an "open," active, s conformation, which is optimal for promoter recognition. Using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, we demonstrate that vegetative-type s subunits exist in open and closed states even after binding to the RNAP core. As an extreme case, RNAP from Mycobacterium tuberculosis preferentially retains s in the closed conformation, which is converted to the open conformation only upon binding by the activator protein RbpA and interaction with promoter DNA. These findings reveal that the conformational dynamics of the s subunit in the RNAP holoenzyme is a target for regulation by transcription factors and plays a critical role in promoter recognition

Chromatin Fiber Invasion and Nucleosome Displacement by the Rap1 Transcription Factor

Pioneer transcription factors (pTFs) bind to target sites within compact chromatin, initiating chromatin remodeling and controlling the recruitment of downstream factors. The mechanisms by which pTFs overcome the chromatin barrier are not well understood. Here, we reveal, using single-molecule fluorescence, how the yeast transcription factor Rap1 invades and remodels chromatin. Using a reconstituted chromatin system replicating yeast promoter architecture, we demonstrate that Rap1 can bind nucleosomal DNA within a chromatin fiber but with shortened dwell times compared to naked DNA. Moreover, we show that Rap1 binding opens chromatin fiber structure by inhibiting inter-nucleosome contacts. Finally, we reveal that Rap1 collaborates with the chromatin remodeler RSC to displace promoter nucleosomes, paving the way for long-lived bound states on newly exposed DNA. Together, our results provide a mechanistic view of how Rap1 gains access and opens chromatin, thereby establishing an active promoter architecture and controlling gene expression

Chloride ions stabilize the glutamate-induced active state of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3

International audienceDue to the essential roles of glutamate, detection and response to a large range of extracellular concentrations of this excitatory amino acid are necessary for the fine-tuning of brain functions. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are implicated in shaping the activity of many synapses in the central nervous system. Among the eight mGluR subtypes, there is increasing interest in studying the mGlu3 receptor which has recently been linked to various diseases, including psychiatric disorders. This receptor displays striking functional properties, with a high and, often, full basal activity, making its study elusive in heterologous systems. Here, we demonstrate that Cl− ions exert strong positive allosteric modulation of glutamate on the mGlu3 receptor. We have also identified the molecular and structural determinants lying behind this allostery: a unique interactive “chloride-lock” network. Indeed, Cl− ions dramatically stabilize the glutamate-induced active state of the extracellular domain of the mGlu3 receptor. Thus, the mGlu3 receptors’ large basal activity does not correspond to a constitutive activity in absence of agonist. Instead, it results mostly from a Cl−mediated amplified response to low ambient glutamate concentrations, such as those measured in cell media. This strong interaction between glutamate and Cl− ions allows the mGlu3 receptor to sense and efficiently react to sub-micromolar concentrations of glutamate, making it the most sensitive member of mGluR family