THE ROLE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON YIELDS AND FRUIT QUALITY IN GRAPEVINE, PEAR AND APPLE

ABSTRACT Fertilization of temperate fruit trees, such as grapevine ( Vitis spp.), apple ( Malus domestica), and pear ( Pyrus communis) is an important tool to achive maximum yield and fruit quality. Fertilizers are provided when soil fertility does not allow trees to express their genetic potential, and time and rate of application should be scheduled to promote fruit quality. Grapevine berries, must and wine quality are affected principally by N, that regulate the synthesis of some important compounds, such as anthocyanins, which are responsible for coloring of the must and the wine. Fermenation of the must may stop in grapes with low concentration of N because N is requested in high amount by yeasts. An N excess may increase the pulp to peel ratio, diluting the concentration of anthocyanins and promoting the migration of anthocyanins from berries to the growing plant organs; a decrease of grape juice soluble solid concentration is also expected because of an increase in vegetative growth. Potassium is also important for wine quality contributing to adequate berry maturation, concentration of sugars, synthesis of phenols and the regulation of pH and acidity. In apple and pear, Ca and K are important for fruit quality and storage. Potassium is the most important component of fruit, however, any excess should be avoided and an adequate K:Ca balance should be achieved. Adequate concentration of Ca in the fruit prevents pre- and post-harvest fruit disorders and, at the same time, increases tolerance to pathogens. Although N promotes adequate growth soil N availability should be monitored to avoid excessive N uptake that may decrease fruit skin color and storability

Efeito do manejo de plantas daninhas no desenvolvimento inicial de Pinus taeda em várzeas na Argentina Effect of weed management on the initial development of Pinus taeda in low flatlands of Argentina

Realizou-se um estudo sobre o efeito de cobertura e períodos de manejo de plantas daninhas em plantios no ano de 1999 de Pinus taeda, localizados na Província de Corrientes, Argentina. Em razão das características da área, várzeas, foram construídos camalhões de 1,80 m de largura por 0,60 m de altura para o plantio das mudas e, a seguir, instaladas parcelas com três fileiras de 12 plantas em cada uma no espaçamento de 1,75 m entre as mudas e 4,0 m entre o centro dos camalhões. Foram medidas somente as 10 plantas do camalhão central, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes modalidades e intensidades de manejo de plantas daninhas na sobrevivência (%), no desenvolvimento inicial em altura (cm), no diâmetro do colo (cm) e no fator de produtividade (cm³) das mudas de Pinus taeda. Avaliaram-se as modalidades de controle: controle químico na linha do plantio (camalhão) e controle químico em área total sendo avaliados por dois períodos: um ano e dois anos de controle, tendo ainda uma testemunha, sem nenhum controle. O delineamento estatístico do experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Diferenças significativas foram obtidas entre os tratamentos de controle químico em relação ao sem controle. Os resultados levaram à conclusão de que é benéfico o controle por dois períodos e que não houve diferença quanto às modalidades de controle (camalhão e área total). As mudas de Pinus taeda foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey para analise da sobrevivência e não apresentaram diferença significativa a 5% de probabilidade de erro nas médias.<br>A study on the effect of vegetation cover and weed management periods on plantings of Pinus taeda was carried out in the Province of Corrientes, Argentina, in 1999. Due to the area characteristics, low flatlands, 1.80 m wide x 0.60 m high ridges were built for seedling planting. Following, plots with 3 rows of 12 plants each, at the spacing of 1.75 m between plants and 4 m between the center of the ridges, were installed. Only 10 plants in the central ridge were measured in order to evaluate the different methods and intensity of weed management in survival rate (%), initial height development (cm), stem diameter (cm) and seedling yield (cm³) of Pinus taeda. The following control methods were evaluated: chemical control in the planting area (ridge) and chemical control in the whole area were evaluated twice: one and two years of chemical control, with control treatment and without control treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized with three repetitions. Significant differences were found between the chemical control treatments compared to the treatment without control. The results showed that the chemical control during 2 periods is beneficial, and no differences between control methods (ridge and total area) were found. Survival data of Pinus taeda seedlings were examined by the Tukey's test and showed no significant differences between the means at 5% probability