DXA, bioelectrical impedance, ultrasonography and biometry for the estimation of fat and lean mass in cats during weight loss

Background: Few equations have been developed in veterinary medicine compared to human medicine to predict body composition. The present study was done to evaluate the influence of weight loss on biometry (BIO), bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography (US) in cats, proposing equations to estimate fat (FM) and lean (LM) body mass, as compared to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the referenced method. For this were used 16 gonadectomized obese cats (8 males and 8 females) in a weight loss program. DXA, BIO, BIA and US were performed in the obese state (T0; obese animals), after 10% of weight loss (T1) and after 20% of weight loss (T2). Stepwise regression was used to analyze the relationship between the dependent variables (FM, LM) determined by DXA and the independent variables obtained by BIO, BIA and US. The better models chosen were evaluated by a simple regression analysis and means predicted vs. determined by DXA were compared to verify the accuracy of the equations. Results: The independent variables determined by BIO, BIA and US that best correlated (p < 0.005) with the dependent variables (FM and LM) were BW (body weight), TC (thoracic circumference), PC (pelvic circumference), R (resistance) and SFLT (subcutaneous fat layer thickness). Using Mallows'Cp statistics, p value and r(2), 19 equations were selected (12 for FM, 7 for LM); however, only 7 equations accurately predicted FM and one LM of cats. Conclusions: The equations with two variables are better to use because they are effective and will be an alternative method to estimate body composition in the clinical routine. For estimated lean mass the equations using body weight associated with biometrics measures can be proposed. For estimated fat mass the equations using body weight associated with bioimpedance analysis can be proposed.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Sao PauloBrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Sao Paulo-Brazil [04/15416-9]Mogiana Alimentos S.A. (Guabi), Campinas, BrazilMogiana Alimentos S.A. (Guabi), Campinas, Brazi

La ecografía del páncreas canino

This study describes the ultrasonographic techniques currently used in the evaluation of the canine pancreas. Ultrasonography was the first method to enable direct visualization of the pancreas in humans and it has been subsequently applied to animals. Currently, it is the method of choice for pancreatic evaluation and is essential as a diagnostic tool in the detection of abnormalities, especially tumors. Innovative equipment technology has led to the emergence of techniques complementary to B-mode ultrasound; such as Doppler, elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which have enabled more accurate diagnosis. Doppler provides information on vascular architecture and the hemodynamic aspect of blood vessels in multiple organs. ARFI elastography provides detailed images of the alterations detected by conventional examination (qualitative method) and assists in differentiating between benign and malignant processes (quantitative method). Microbubble contrast agents determine parameters related to homogeneous and heterogeneous filling of organs with microbubbles, mainly nodular areas, thus defining high and low intensity patterns.Este estudio describe las técnicas ecográficas frecuentemente utilizadas para evaluar el pancreas del perro. La ecografía fue el primer método que permitió la visualización directa del páncreas en seres humanos y que luego se aplicó en animales. Es actualmente el método de elección para la evaluación del páncreas y es esencial como herramienta diagnóstica en la detección de anomalías, especialmente tumores. La tecnología innovadora de los equipos, llevó a la aparición de técnicas complementarias al modo B, tales como Doppler, elastografía, ecografía de contraste, que han permitido realizar diagnósticos más precisos. El Doppler proporciona información sobre la arquitectura vascular y aspectos hemodinámicos de los vasos sanguíneos en múltiples órganos. La elastografía ARFI ofrece imágenes detalladas de las alteraciones detectadas en exámenes convencionales (método cualitativo) y ayuda a diferenciar entre procesos benignos y malignos (método cuantitativo). Los agentes de contraste con microburbujas permiten determinar parámetros relacionados con el llenado homogéneo o heterogéneo de los órganos, principalmente áreas nodulares, definiendo, por tanto, patrones de alta o baja intensidad

Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function During S(+)-Ketamine Constant Rate Infusion in Dorsally Recumbent Halothane-Anesthetized Horses

The cardiovascular effects of constant rate infusion (CRI) of S(+)-ketamine in dorsally recumbent halothane-anesthetized horses were assessed. Six mixed-breed, adult, male horses, weighting 350-450 kg were used. The animals were randomly distributed into two (treatments) groups, with each horse receiving both treatments. Sedation with xylazine (1 mg/kg IV), infusion of 10% guaifenesin (100 mg/kg in 5% glucose), induction with S(+)-ketamine (1 mg/kg IV), and maintenance with halothane (end-tidal concentration of 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration [MAC]) was standardized for both groups. When halothane end-tidal concentration stabilized at 1.5 MAC, CRI with S(+)-ketamine (GrKet) at 0.01 mg/kg/min (diluted in 250 mL of 0.9% saline solution) or the same volume of 0.9% saline solution (GrSal) was initiated (MO). Constant rate infusion was maintained for 50 minutes (M50). Cardiac output (CO), fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fa), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were recorded at baseline (B); lateral recumbency (Rec); 2-minute postanesthetic induction (PI); beginning of CRI (MO); CRI elapsed time (M10-M50). Only MAP differed between groups (M20).fa decreased (P <= .05) PI in GrKet and during CRI in GrSal. Cardiac output, FS, EF, SAP, MAP, and DAP decreased (P <= .05) in both groups during CRI. Constant rate infusion with S(+)-ketamine at 0.01 mg/kg/min was ineffective in improving cardiocirculatory depression commonly observed in halothane-anesthetized horses. Despite possible limitations, transcutaneous echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular activity in dorsally recumbent horses seemed applicable. Further studies are encouraged to validate its reliability. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Canine Supraspinatus Calcifying Tendinosis

Supraspinatus calcifying tendinosis is an uncommon finding in dogs. Although its radiographic appearance has been described previously, radiographs alone do not provide detailed information about the tendon parenchyma. Tendon ultrasonography has been widely applied for the diagnosis of human tendinosis, but it remains underused in dogs. This article reviews the ultrasonographic technique and variable appearance of canine supraspinatus calcifying tendinosis observed in 33 tendons. The ultrasonographic findings are described. The most common ultrasonographic finding was a hyperechoic area accompanied by distal acoustic shadowing. No relationship with bicipital tenosynovitis was found. A color Doppler examination was possible in only five of the tendons, revealing no blood flow in those tendons. There was evidence that the presence of a hypoechoic area surrounding the calcification was related to clinical signs of pain, suggesting an active inflammatory process. Ultrasonography was an excellent technique to evaluate lesions of the supraspinatus tendon and it revealed details not apparent on radiographs. (J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:405-410. DOI 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5818)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Computed tomographic-dacryocystography (CT-DCG) of the normal canine nasolacrimal drainage system with three-dimensional reconstruction

The aims of the study were (1) to quantify the influence of selected imaging parameters on the image quality (slice thickness, mAs, and beam orientation) defining optimal conditions for scan protocols and (2) to evaluate the benefits of the 3D reconstruction techniques for visualization of NDS structures in dogs. CT-DCG was performed bilaterally in 32 heads of dogs. CT transverse images were obtained using a combination of two slice thickness values (0.8 mm and 2 mm) and two mAs values (50 mAs and 300 mAs). Two beam projection orientations were also tested: transverse plane (perpendicular to the hard palate) and oblique to the hard palate. Three-dimensional images were obtained using Volume Rendering (VR). Transverse beam projection proved to be superior for the assessment of the inferior and superior lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac. In this study, there was no statistical difference regarding mAs values (50 mAs and 300 mAs) and slice thickness values (0.8 mm and 2 mm). Three-dimensional images were helpful for the assessment of topographic relationship between nasolacrimal structures and cranial landmarks.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Reconstrução 3D biomédica: fotogrametria versus varrimento por laser

Mestrado em Engenharia BiomédicaA comparação da digitalização 3D por fotogrametria com a digitalização 3D por varrimento por LASER permite avaliar a sua precisão relativa, visando concluir a possibilidade de aplicação em biomédica ou outras aplicações em que a precisão e rapidez de aquisição são necessárias. Para tal foi feito um estudo sobre estas duas tecnologias, após o qual foram realizados alguns testes práticos. Em termos práticos foram realizados vários conjuntos de fotografias em condições diferentes e foram também efetuadas digitalizações 3D através de varrimento por laser para obter um modelo de referência. Os objetos digitalizados foram um cubo e um modelo anatómico de um sacro. Com o auxilio de uma aplicação de reconstrução utilizada em fotogrametria (Autodesk ReMake), foram obtidos modelos com base nos conjuntos de fotografias realizados. Adicionalmente foram feitas medições com um paquímetro no cubo utilizado como modelo. As restantes medições foram feitas através de programa de manipulação de modelos 3D (Geomagic versão trial e Autodesk ReMake). Foi concluído que sem qualquer máquina dedicada para o auxilio no processo de fotogrametria e, por consequência, uma situação em que nem todas as condições foram controladas da melhor forma possível, obteve-se, nos casos mais favoráveis do sacro, um desvio padrão de 0,289 mm. Conclui-se, ainda, que modelos obtidos por fotogrametria mantêm as proporções, mas não mantêm a escala 1:1, em relação ao modelo real. Esta tecnologia tem um grande potencial em diferentes aplicações incluindo na engenharia Biomédica, na medida em que permite separar a etapa de aquisição da etapa de processamento das fotografias para uma fase posterior sem necessitar da presença dos pacientes.ABSTRACT - The main objective of this thesis is to study photogrammetry as a technique, and compare it to the laser scanning. A theoretical study of the two techniques, as well as a practical study of photogrammetry, was carried out. After these studies were carried out in order to check how they all worked, it was time to make some experiments with photogrammetry, and to take several groups of photos, with diverse setups and definitions. The objects used were a cube and a sacrum. With those photos and the help of a program (Autodesk ReMake), models of the objects in the photos were extracted with photogrammetry algorithms. For the conclusions, a reference model was obtained by means of a laser scanner, and all the other models were adjusted spatially to it, using the best fit method by getting hold of a program (Geomagic) to allow the comparison between the models. The best result had a standard deviation of 0.289 mm. The main conclusion was that the models obtained by using photogrammetry maintain the proportions but do not maintain the scale 1:1 in relation to the real model. In theory, photogrammetry has the potential for biomedical application, because it is a passive method and its data acquisition time can be close to zero, and the post-processing can be done without the presence of the patients.N/

Ultrasonographic measurements of kidney fat thickness and Longissimus muscle area in predicting body composition of pregnant goats

Non-invasive methods for estimating body composition to monitor nutritional status in goats have been less studied. Therefore, this study estimated the body composition and fat depots of pregnant goats by using indirect measurements, such as bodyweight (BW) and ultrasound measurements of the Longissimus muscle area (LMA) and kidney fat thickness (KFT). Forty-three pregnant goats were slaughtered at 50, 80, 110 and 140 days of gestation to determine the gross energy and fat content in the body, as well as to obtain the mass of renal fat, omental fat and non-carcass fat. After the slaughter, the mass of fat depots was recorded and the whole body of the each animal was ground to take samples for determining gross energy (using a bomb calorimeter) and fat (Soxhlet extraction with ether). Animals were weighed, and ultrasonographic measurements were taken at the time of slaughter. The LMA and KFT measurements were taken between the 12th and 13th rib and after the 13th rib space, respectively, and these measurements were used to estimate total gross energy, body fat content and the renal fat, omental fat and non-carcass fat mass. Multiple regressions were performed using Proc mixed of SAS. No significant correlation was observed between gross energy and body fat composition, the number of fetuses or the days of gestation. LMA and BW were positively related to body fat and gross energy contents. KFT and BW showed a positive correlation with renal fat depots, omental fat content and non-carcass fat mass. The estimated models revealed that the total body fat increased from 15.6% to 20.8% of bodyweight from 50 to 140 days of gestation. This report is the first study using kidney fat thickness as a tool to predict fat depots in goats. LMA, BW and KFT measurements will enable the development of models to aid in the monitoring of the nutritional status of goats during pregnancy.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease