Análisis estadístico por regresión lineal de la prevalencia de pie plano en preescolar de una comunidad de México

Context: In Mexico's rural towns, it is essential to generate a culture of studying the prevalence of flat feet in children aged 3 to 5, whose arch is still in development and can be corrected. By means of a computer application, statistical bar graph and correlation studies via linear regression can validate the results obtained regarding the categorization of infants' footprint type, which are acquired through the Hernández Corvo index (HCI), Clarke’s angle protocol (CA), the Staheli index (SI), the Chippaux index (CI), and the body mass index (BMI). Methods: A statistical analysis of the plantar footprint of 95 infants in a rural region of Mexico was carried out, employing a computational technique together with a photo-podoscope. Footprint images were acquired, processed, and classified. The footprint type was categorized with respect to the HCI, CA, and the Staheli-Chippaux index (SCI). The footprint distribution was validated via the linear regression method. Results: We evidenced a prevalence of flat foot of 54,7% in relation to HCI, 58,9% in relation to CA, and 61,05% in relation to SCI, where the male gender was shown to be more susceptible (up to 28, 32, and 33 cases, respectively). The best prediction was obtained using the SI and the CI: 90,7 and 87,0% for the right and left feet, with a positive increase. No dependence on body composition was observed. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the type of footstep, in its normal, cavus, and flat categories, shows the prevalence of flat feet among infants aged 3 to 5, with at least 28 cases, mostly male and without dependence on weight. Although it is difficult to perform plantar footprint diagnoses in the rural communities of Mexico, this statistical study highlights the importance of monitoring foot development in preschool infants with the advantages and practicality of computational techniques.Contexto: En las comunidades de México, es fundamental generar una cultura de estudiar la prevalencia del pie plano en niños de 3 a 5 años, cuyo arco aún está en desarrollo y se puede corregir. Mediante el uso de una aplicación computacional, los estudios estadísticos de gráficos de barras y correlación por medio de regresión lineal validan los resultados sobre la categorización del tipo de pisada del infante, los cuales se adquieren mediante el índice Hernández Corvo (HCI), el protocolo del ángulo de Clarke (CA), el índice Staheli (SI), el índice Chippaux (CI) y el índice de masa corporal (BMI). Método: Se realizó un análisis estadístico de la huella plantar de 95 infantes de una comunidad de México, empleando una técnica computacional junto con un fotopodoscopio. Se adquirió, procesó y clasificó la imagen de la pisada. Se categorizó el tipo de pisada con respecto al HCI, el CA y el índice Staheli-Chippaux (SCI). La distribución de las huellas se validó mediante el método de regresión lineal. Resultados: Se evidenció una prevalencia de pie plano de 54,7 % respecto al HCI, 58,9 % respecto al CA y 61,05 % respecto al SCI, donde el sexo masculino fue el más susceptible (hasta 28, 32 y 33 casos). La mejor predicción se obtuvo mediante el SI y el CI: 90,7 y 87,0% para los pies derecho e izquierdo, con incremento positivo. No se observó dependencia con la composición corporal. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico del tipo de pisada, en sus categorías normal, cavo y plano, evidencia la prevalencia del pie plano entre los infantes de 3 a 5 años, con al menos 28 casos, en su mayoría masculinos y sin dependencia del peso. Si bien es difícil realizar diagnósticos de huella plantar en las comunidades rurales de México, este estudio estadístico muestra la importancia de monitorear el desarrollo del pie en infantes de preescolar, con las ventajas y la practicidad de las técnicas computacionales.

Statistical Analysis by Linear Regression of the Prevalence of Flatfoot in Preschool Children of a Mexican Community

Context: In Mexico's rural towns, it is essential to generate a culture of studying the prevalence of flat feet in children aged 3 to 5, whose arch is still in development and can be corrected. By means of a computer application, statistical bar graph and correlation studies via linear regression can validate the results obtained regarding the categorization of infants' footprint type, which are acquired through the Hernández Corvo index (HCI), Clarke’s angle protocol (CA), the Staheli index (SI), the Chippaux index (CI), and the body mass index (BMI). Methods: A statistical analysis of the plantar footprint of 95 infants in a rural region of Mexico was carried out, employing a computational technique together with a photo-podoscope. Footprint images were acquired, processed, and classified. The footprint type was categorized with respect to the HCI, CA, and the Staheli-Chippaux index (SCI). The footprint distribution was validated via the linear regression method. Results: We evidenced a prevalence of flat foot of 54,7% in relation to HCI, 58,9% in relation to CA, and 61,05% in relation to SCI, where the male gender was shown to be more susceptible (up to 28, 32, and 33 cases, respectively). The best prediction was obtained using the SI and the CI: 90,7 and 87,0% for the right and left feet, with a positive increase. No dependence on body composition was observed. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the type of footstep, in its normal, cavus, and flat categories, shows the prevalence of flat feet among infants aged 3 to 5, with at least 28 cases, mostly male and without dependence on weight. Although it is difficult to perform plantar footprint diagnoses in the rural communities of Mexico, this statistical study highlights the importance of monitoring foot development in preschool infants with the advantages and practicality of computational techniques

ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO POR ELEMENTO FINITO EN PRÓTESIS TRANSTIBIALES DE ACERO INOXIDABLE, RESINA EPÓXICA Y MATERIAL COMPUESTO CON REFUERZOS ORGÁNICOS (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BY FINITE ELEMENT IN TRANSTIBAL PROSTHETICS OF STAINLESS STEEL, EPOXY RESIN AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH ORGANIC REINFORCEMENTS)

Resumen   Se presenta el estudio comparativo por elemento finito del diseño de prótesis transtibial modular empleando el material comercial acero inoxidable AISI 304, así como el material económico de resina epóxica.  Se complementa el estudio con un material compuesto novedoso conformado por la resina poliéster y refuerzos de fibras de jute, fibras de vidrio y pulverizado de nuez.El análisis estático de la prótesis utilizó un peso de 90 kg considerado para una persona adulta y equivalente a una fuerza de 1600 N., con lo cual buscamos un resultado de deformación menor al establecido en la norma ISO 10328 que es de 15 mm.Los resultados entre el material comercial y los materiales de estudio son comparados, y el material propuesto presenta valores semejantes al de la resina epóxica, y ofrece un factor de seguridad de 1.2375. De esta es factible continuar con los estudios de diseños, análisis y manufactura de prótesis con materiales compuestos con refuerzos orgánicos de bajo costo y con una opción de compra para las personas que no pueden adquirir una prótesis comercial.Palabra(s) Clave: Análisis estático, elemento finito, material compuesto, prótesis transtibial. Abstract     The comparative study is presented by finite element of the design of modular transtibial prosthesis using the commercial material stainless steel AISI 304, as well as the economic material of epoxy resin. The study is complemented with a novel composite material made up of polyester resin and reinforcements of jute fibers, glass fibers and walnut powder.The static analysis of the prosthesis used a weight of 90 kg considered for an adult and equivalent to a strength of 1600 N, with which we look for a deformation result lower than that established in ISO 10328 which is 15 mm.The results between the commercial material and the study materials are compared, and the proposed material presents values similar to that of the epoxy resin, and offers a safety factor of 1.2375. From this it is feasible to continue with the studies of design, analysis and manufacture of prostheses with composite materials with low-cost organic reinforcements and with a purchase option for people who cannot acquire a commercial prosthesis.Keywords: Composite material, finite element, static analysis, transtibial prosthesis

Fast Growth of Multi-Phase MoOx Synthesized by Laser Direct Writing Using Femtosecond Pulses

Molybdenum oxide is an attractive material for application in several technology fields such as sensors, displays, and batteries, among many others. In this work, we present a reliable laser direct writing (LDW) method for synthesizing multi-phase molybdenum oxide (MoOx) on a single processing step. We use femtosecond laser pulses to produce up to five distinct crystalline phases of molybdenum oxide at once. We demonstrate how the laser irradiation conditions determine the MoOx stoichiometry, phase, and morphology. We show that by conveniently adjusting either the per-pulse laser fluence or the exposure time, MoOx can be obtained in nano or micro-structured form. We found that this ultrashort pulse laser processing method allows for the formation of unusual MoOx phases such as o-Mo18O52, which is rarely reported in the literature. In addition, it is possible to synthesize other sub-stoichiometric molybdenum oxide phases such as o-Mo4O11 and m-Mo8O23 all at atmospheric air conditions, with no need for demanding oxygen pressure precautions

GPS Data Correction Based on Fuzzy Logic for Tracking Land Vehicles

GPS sensors are widely used to know a vehicle’s location and to track its route. Although GPS sensor technology is advancing, they present systematic failures depending on the environmental conditions to which they are subjected. To tackle this problem, we propose an intelligent system based on fuzzy logic, which takes the information from the sensors and correct the vehicle’s absolute position according to its latitude and longitude. This correction is performed by two fuzzy systems, one to correct the latitude and the other to correct the longitude, which are trained using the MATLAB ANFIS tool. The positioning correction system is trained and tested with two different datasets. One of them collected with a Pmod GPS sensor and the other a public dataset, which was taken from routes in Brazil. To compare our proposal, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was implemented. The main finding is that the proposed fuzzy systems achieve a performance of 69.2% higher than the UKF. Furthermore, fuzzy systems are suitable to implement in an embedded system such as the Raspberry Pi 4. Another finding is that the logical operations facilitate the creation of non-linear functions because of the ‘if else’ structure. Finally, the existence justification of each fuzzy system section is easy to understand