Stroke after tadalafil use

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Space-time discrete KPZ equation

We study a general family of space–time discretizations of the KPZ equation and show that they converge to its solution. The approach we follow makes use of basic elements of the theory of regularity structures (Hairer in Invent Math 198(2):269–504, 2014) as well as its discrete counterpart (Hairer and Matetski in Discretizations of rough stochastic PDEs, 2015. arXiv:1511.06937). Since the discretization is in both space and time and we allow non-standard discretization for the product, the methods mentioned above have to be suitably modified in order to accommodate the structure of the models under study

Changing clinical and therapeutic trends in tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas: a systematic review

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by a high hemorrhagic risk. We evaluated trends in outcomes and management of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas and performed a meta-analysis evaluating clinical and angiographic outcomes by treatment technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search for studies on surgical and endovascular treatment of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas. We compared the proportion of patients undergoing endovascular, surgical, and combined endovascular/surgical management; the proportion of patients presenting with ruptured tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas; and proportion of patients with good neurologic outcome across 3 time periods: 1980-1995, 1996-2005, and 2006-2014. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis, evaluating the rates of occlusion, long-term good neurologic outcome, perioperative morbidity, and resolution of symptoms for the 3 treatment modalities. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies with 274 patients were included. The proportion of patients treated with surgical treatment alone decreased from 38.7% to 20.4% between 1980-1995 and 2006-2014. The proportion of patients treated with endovascular therapy alone increased from 16.1% to 48.0%. The proportion of patients presenting with ruptured tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas decreased from 64.4% to 43.6%. The rate of good neurologic outcome increased from 80.7% to 92.9%. Complete occlusion rates were highest for patients receiving multimodality treatment (84.0%; 95% CI, 72.0%-91.0%) and lowest for endovascular treatment (71.0%; 95% CI, 56.0%-83.0%; P < .01). Long-term good neurologic outcome was highest in the endovascular group (89.0%; 95% CI, 80.0%-95.0%) and lowest for the surgical group (73.0%; 95% CI, 51.0%-87.0%; P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas are increasingly presenting with unruptured lesions, being treated endovascularly, and experiencing higher rates of good neurologic outcomes. Endovascular treatment was associated with superior neurologic outcomes but lower occlusion rate

La \u2018crescita verde\u2019 della citt\ue0 e il ruolo dei parchi urbani come elemento di attrazione turistica sostenibile

Da un punto di vista della pianificazione e della progettazione, una rete di spazi verdi di alta qualit\ue0, collegata agli spazi residenziali, produttivi, commerciali e per il tempo libero, permette l\u2019aumento dell\u2019accessibilit\ue0 ai servizi locali e ai luoghi di lavoro. Se ben progetta, tale rete incoraggia le persone a spostarsi a piedi o in bicicletta sia per ricreazione che per motivi di scambio sociale, fornisce inoltre una barriera al rumore e svolge la funzione di schermo visuale. Dal punto di vista economico, uno spazio verde \ue8 in grado di fornire prodotti come legno, frutti, compost e biomassa per la produzione di energia anche in citt\ue0, inoltre, la presenza di spazi verdi urbani pu\uf2 far crescere i valori immobiliari di un\u2019area e aumentare l\u2019offerta di posti di lavoro. Dal punto di vista ecologico, il verde urbano mitiga l\u2019impatto delle attivit\ue0 umane, assorbendo inquinanti e rilasciando ossigeno, contribuendo al mantenimento della salute, migliorando la qualit\ue0 di aria, acqua e suolo del clima e ospitando biodiversit\ue0 animale e vegetale. I due casi studi riportati, Milano Expo 2015 e Bundesgarthenschau, approfondiscono gli aspetti riguardanti la capacit\ue0 di attrazione turistica, di stimolo economico e sociale della progettazione di spazi agricoli e verdi urbani. Qui si sottolinea il dato turistico degli eventi, ricordando che gli organizzatori di Milano Expo 2015 stimano l\u2019arrivo di 160 mila visitatori al giorno per un totale di circa 29 milioni di turisti nei sei mesi di durata dell\u2019evento e che l\u2019evento biennale della Bundesgarthenschau \ue8 noto per l\u2019attrattiva turistica, con la punta di 11,5 milioni di visitatori per la IGA di Monaco del 1983

Environmental Enrichment During Adolescence Mitigates Cognitive Deficits and Alcohol Vulnerability due to Continuous and Intermittent Perinatal Alcohol Exposure in Adult Rats

Perinatal alcohol exposure affects ontogenic neurodevelopment, causing physical and functional long-term abnormalities with limited treatment options. This study investigated long-term consequences of continuous and intermittent maternal alcohol drinking on behavioral readouts of cognitive function and alcohol vulnerability in the offspring. The effects of environmental enrichment (EE) during adolescence were also evaluated. Female rats underwent continuous alcohol drinking (CAD)—or intermittent alcohol drinking paradigm (IAD), along pregestation, gestation, and lactation periods—equivalent to the whole gestational period in humans. Male offspring were reared in standard conditions or EE until adulthood and were then assessed for declarative memory in the novel object recognition test; spatial learning, cognitive flexibility, and reference memory in the Morris water maze (MWM); alcohol consumption and relapse by a two-bottle choice paradigm. Our data show that perinatal CAD decreased locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, and declarative memory with respect to controls, whereas perinatal IAD displayed impaired declarative memory and spatial learning and memory. Moreover, both perinatal alcohol-exposed offspring showed higher vulnerability to alcohol consummatory behavior than controls, albeit perinatal IAD rats showed a greater alcohol consumption and relapse behavior with respect to perinatal-CAD progeny. EE ameliorated declarative memory in perinatal CAD, while it mitigated spatial learning and reference memory impairment in perinatal-IAD progeny. In addition, EE decreased vulnerability to alcohol in both control and perinatal alcohol-exposed rats. Maternal alcohol consumption produces drinking pattern-related long-term consequences on cognition and vulnerability to alcohol in the offspring. However, increased positive environmental stimuli during adolescence may curtail the detrimental effects of developmental alcohol exposure

Spectroscopic monitoring of the candidate tidal disruption event in F01004-2237

We present results of spectroscopic monitoring observations of the Ultra-Luminous Infra Red Galaxy F01004-2237. This galaxy was observed to undergo changes in its optical spectrum, detected by comparing a spectrum from 2015 with one from 2000. These changes were coincident with photometric brightening. The main changes detected in the optical spectrum are enhanced He II $\lambda$4686 emission and the appearance of He I $\lambda$3898,$\lambda$5876 emission lines. The favoured interpretation of these changes was that of a tidal disruption event (TDE) happening in 2010. However, subsequent work suggested that these changes are caused by another hitherto unknown reason related to variations in the accretion rate in the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Our optical spectroscopic monitoring observations show that the evolution of the He lines is in line with the evolution seen in TDEs and opposite of what observed from reverberation mapping studies of AGNs, renewing the discussion on the interpretation of the flare as a TDE.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication on ApJ on January 22, 202

Drinking pattern matters: effects on maternal care and offspring vulnerability to alcohol in rats

Alcohol drinking during pregnancy and post-partum period is a major concern because of the persistent neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring, which include increased vulnerability to substance abuse (1). The intermittent pattern of alcohol consumption induces higher drinking levels and deeper neurobiological changes in addiction-related brain regions, with respect to traditional free-access paradigms in male rats (2, 3). Nevertheless, no studies investigated on the effects of the drinking pattern on female subjects during pregnancy and perinatal time. To this aim, this study explored the consequences of continuous vs. intermittent drinking pattern on maternal behaviour and on offspring vulnerability to alcohol, during adulthood. Dams were given two-bottle choice to water and 20% alcohol with either continuous- or intermittent access (CA vs IA), along a 12-week period. They suspended alcohol drinking during breeding and resumed alcohol self-administration from late gestation throughout lactation, when they were assessed for home-cage undisturbed maternal behaviour. In the adulthood, alcohol-exposed offspring were assessed for alcohol drinking behaviour in a free-choice paradigm and tested for the deprivation effect. Our results show that alcohol consumption and preference significantly decreased in IA group during pregnancy, returning to baseline during lactation. Alcohol drinking was able to disrupt spontaneous maternal behaviour, especially in IA exposed dams. On the other hand, perinatal CA exposure did not increase alcohol-drinking behaviour in the offspring with respect to controls, while rats perinatally exposed to IA displayed a high vulnerability to alcohol, in terms of drinking behaviour and deprivation effect. In conclusion, this study indicates for the first time that the pattern of alcohol consumption can be responsible for different extents of maternal behaviour disruption and detrimental consequences in the offspring. Therefore gender- but also pattern-related differences should be taken into account for contrasting alcohol abuse and dependence, especially during perinatal time.   1. McMurray MS, Williams SK, Jarrett TM, Cox ET, Fay EE, Overstreet DH, Walker CH, Johns JM. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2008;30(6):475-86. 2. Stuber GD, Hopf FW, Hahn J, Cho SL, Guillory A, Bonci A. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Oct;32(10):1714-20 3. George O, Sanders C, Freiling J, Grigoryan E, Vu S, Allen CD, Crawford E, Mandyam CD, Koob GF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(44):18156-6

Acetaldehyde, motivation and stress: Behavioral evidence of an addictive ménage à trois

Acetaldehyde (ACD) contributes to alcohol’s psychoactive effects through its own rewarding properties. Recent studies shed light on the behavioral correlates of ACD administration and the possible interactions with key neurotransmitters for motivation, reward and stress-related response, such as dopamine and endocannabinoids. This mini review article critically examines ACD psychoactive properties, focusing on behavioral investigations able to unveil ACD motivational effects and their pharmacological modulation in vivo. Similarly to alcohol, rats spontaneously drink ACD, whose presence is detected in the brain following chronic self-administration paradigm. ACD motivational properties are demonstrated by operant paradigms tailored to model several drug-related behaviors, such as induction and maintenance of operant self-administration, extinction, relapse and punishment resistance. ACD-related addictive-like behaviors are sensitive to pharmacological manipulations of dopamine and endocannabinoid signaling. Interestingly, the ACD-dopamine-endocannabinoids relationship also contributes to neuroplastic alterations of the NPYergic system, a stress-related peptide critically involved in alcohol abuse. The understanding of the ménage-a-trois among ACD, reward- and stress-related circuits holds promising potential for the development of novel pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing alcohol abuse

Mealybug transmission of grapevine virus A

A closterovirus morphologially and serologically very close or identical to grapevine virus A (GVA) was experimentally transmitted by adults and instars of the Pseudococcidae mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus TARGIONI TOZZETTI from grapevine of cv. Inzolia affected by leafroll and stem pitting to Nicotiana clevelandii GRAY. GVA could not be recovered from infected vines by inoculation of sap but it was mechanically transmitted from N. clevelandii to N. benthamiana DOMIN. With immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) tests, the presence of GVA was ascertained in: both the above herbaceous hosts;Inzolia vines used as donor plants for mealybug transmission tests;formerly virus-free Cabernet Franc and Procupac vines that had shown leafroll symptoms following natural mealybug infestation in a greenhouse where they were grown next to diseased grapes;squashed mealybugs which had fed on infected Inzolia vines.ISEM findings were confirmed by thin sectioning. In all cases filamentous virus particles were found in phloem tissues of infected herbaceous hosts and vines. In addition, donor (Inzolia) and recipient (Cabernet Franc, Procupac and LN-33) grapevines, but not herbaceous hosts, contained isometric virus-like particles and associated cytopathic structures (vesiculated bodies). The occurrence of a mixed infection in donor vines and the apparent transmission of both types of particles to grapevine does not allow to draw conclusions on the etiological significance of GVA in relation to leafroll disease. Further trials with source plants infected with GVA alone are now under way.Übertragung des Rebenvirus A durch SchildläuseEin Closterovirus, das morphologisch und serologisch dem Rebenvirus A (GVA) sehr nahesteht oder mit diesem identisch ist, wurde durch Adulte und Larven der Schildlaus Pseudococcus longispinus TARGIONI TOZZEITI (Pseudococcidae) von an Blattrollkrankheit und Holzrunzeligkeit erkrankten Reben der Sorte Inzolia auf Nicotiana clevelandii GRAY übertragen. Durch Saftübertragung aus infizierten Reben konnte GVA nicht nachgewiesen werden; es wurde jedoch von N. clevelandii auf N. bentamiana DOMIN. mechanisch übertragen. Mittels ISEM konnte GVA nachgewiesen werden: In den beiden oben genannten krautigen Wirtsarten;in Reben der Sorte Inzolia, die als Spenderpflanzen für die Schildlaus-Übertragungsversuche verwendet worden waren;in ursprünglich virusfreien Reben der Sorten Cabernet Franc und Procupac, die Blattrollsymptome gezeigt hatten, nachdem sie in einem Gewächshaus in unmittelbarer Nähe erkrankter Reben spontan von Schildläusen befallen worden waren;in zerquetschten Schildläusen, die an infizierten lnzolia-Reben gesogen hatten.Die ISEM-Befunde wurden an Dünnschnitten bestätigt. In allen Fällen wurden im Phloemgewebe der infizierten krautigen Wirtspflanzen und Reben filamentöse Viruspartikeln gefunden. Zusätzlich enthielten die Spender( Inzolia) und Empfängerreben (Cabernet Franc, Procupac und LN-33), nicht jedoch die krautigen Wirtspflanzen, isometrische virusartige Partikeln zusammen mit cytopathologischen Strukturen (vesiculäre Körper). Wegen des Vorliegens einer Mischinfektion in den Spenderreben und der offensichtlichen Übertragung beider Partikeltypen auf die Rebe ist es nicht möglich, Rückschlüsse auf die ätiologische Bedeutung von GVA im Verhältnis zur Blattrollkrankheit zu ziehen. Weitere Versuche unter Verwendung von Virusquellen, die nur mit GVA infiziert sind, wurden aufgenommen