Importancia de la jerarquía social sobre los comportamientos alimenticios y parasitarios de ovinos criados en dos sistemas pastoriles

In sheep the interaction between social hierarchy, forage preference and parasite load effects production. A study was done of this interaction in two grazing systems (silvopastoral, SSP; star grass monoculture, PE) with twenty-two Pelibuey sheep per system. Tests were done of social hierarchy to calculate dominance index values, of forage plant species (C. nlemfuensis, L. leucocephala, G. sepium, G. ulmifolia and H. rosa-sinensis) preference, of parasite load (gastrointestinal nematode egg count per gram of feces), and of hematocrit levels. A generally nonlinear hierarchy was present in both systems, with linear dominance (h=0.75) in the SSP and bidirectional dominance (h=0.5) in the PE. In both systems the most dominant individuals had the highest number of aggressive behaviors (SSP: rs= 0.790909, P=0.05; PE: rs= 0.845455, P=0.05) and the lowest parasite loads (SSP: rs= -0.909091, P=0.05; PE: rs = -0.727273, P=0.05). In the SSP, the animals had greater preference for C. nlemfuensis but those that consumed more L. leucocephala had higher hematocrit levels (rs=0.694269, P=0.05). Sheep grazing in silvopastoral systems consume more arboreal and shrub species foliage which helps to control parasite load and maintain stable hematocrit levels regardless of group social rank.Para determinar la relación entre el nivel jerárquico, preferencias por forraje y parasitismo de ovinos en dos sistemas de pastoreo (sistema silvopastoril: SSP y monocultivo de pasto estrella: PE), se utilizaron 22 ovinos Pelibuey mantenidos en pastoreo diurno, a los cuales se les aplicaron pruebas de jerarquía social para obtener el índice de dominancia, pruebas de selectividad de especies vegetales forrajeras (C. nlemfuensis, L. leucocephala, G. sepium, G. ulmifolia y H. rosa-sinensis), análisis parasitario de huevecillos por gramo de excremento y determinación de hematocrito. Se observó una jerarquía no lineal con dominancia lineal y bidireccional para los grupos, de h=0.75 en el SSP y h=0.5 en PE. Los ovinos más dominantes presentaron mayor cantidad de conductas agresivas en el SSP y PE (rs= 0.790909, P=0.05 y rs= 0.845455, P=0.05); y menor carga parasitaria (rs= -0.909091, P=0.05) en el SSP y PE (rs= -0.727273, P=0.05). Los ovinos del SSP tuvieron preferencia por C. nlemfuensis, pero los animales que consumieron más follaje de L. leucocephala presentaron mayor nivel de hematocrito (rs=0.694269, P=0.05). Se concluye que los ovinos con mayor índice de dominancia que pastorearon en el sistema silvopastoril y en potreros con pasto estrella, tuvieron menores cargas parasitarias, y que el pastoreo en sistemas silvopastoriles ofrece a los ovinos el consumo de follaje de especies arbóreas y arbustivas, que promueve la capacidad de resistir cargas parasitarias elevadas, y mantener niveles estables de hematocrito independientemente de su nivel jerárquico dentro del grupo

Characterization of sheep production systems and their relation with gastrointestinal parasites in four municipalities of Campeche, Mexico

Objective: The increase in the number of sheep in herds is accompanied many times by bad practices, which lead to nutritional deficiencies, rises in parasitism and loss of homeostasis. Therefore, gastrointestinal parasites from sheep were characterized from four municipalities of the state of Campeche. Design/methodology/approach: The number of sheep studied was 243, evaluating the body weight, body condition, coloring of the eye mucosae, age, eggs per grams of feces, and family of parasites. The data were analyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s means test (P<0.05), as well as Spearman’s correlation analysis using the statistical package Statistica 7. Results: Five parasite families were found (Trichostrongyloidae, Strongyloidae, Trichuridae, Eimeriidae and Anoplocephalidae). In the production systems of the municipality of Calakmul the five families of parasites were found, with a parasite load of 3,571 hpg. The family Trichostrongyloidae presented the highest frequency in the municipalities of Champotón and Calakmul with 52 and 75%, respectively. The animals with best body condition, FAMACHA© and lowest parasite load were observed in Hecelchakán. Limitations on study/implications: It is suggested to carry out a study of anthelmintic resistance, to establish a management of prevention and control of gastrointestinal parasites. Findings/conclusions: The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites is influenced by the management and the municipality of origin within the sheep production systems in the state of Campeche.Objective: The increase in the number of sheep in herds is accompanied many times by bad practices, whichlead to nutritional deficiencies, rises in parasitism and loss of homeostasis. Therefore, gastrointestinal parasitesfrom sheep were characterized from four municipalities of the state of Campeche.Design/methodology/approach: The number of sheep studied was 243, evaluating the body weight, bodycondition, coloring of the eye mucosae, age, eggs per grams of feces, and family of parasites. The data wereanalyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s means test (P<0.05), as well as Spearman’s correlation analysisusing the statistical package Statistica 7.Results: Five parasite families were found (Trichostrongyloidae, Strongyloidae, Trichuridae, Eimeriidae andAnoplocephalidae). In the production systems of the municipality of Calakmul the five families of parasites werefound, with a parasite load of 3,571 hpg. The family Trichostrongyloidae presented the highest frequency inthe municipalities of Champotón and Calakmul with 52 and 75%, respectively. The animals with best bodycondition, FAMACHA© and lowest parasite load were observed in Hecelchakán.Limitations on study/implications: It is suggested to carry out a study of anthelmintic resistance, to establisha management of prevention and control of gastrointestinal parasites.Findings/conclusions: The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites is influenced by the management and themunicipality of origin within the sheep production systems in the state of Campeche

APLICACIÓN DE MODELOS DE SIMULACIÓN EN EL ESTUDIO Y PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA AGRICULTURA, UNA REVISIÓN

Desde el inicio de la agricultura, hace aproximadamente diez mil años, la humanidad se ha beneficiado de sus productos al satisfacer, con ellos, sus necesidades de alimentación y comercializarlos. Los sistemas de producción agrícola son más organizados y productivos, como resultado del mayor conocimiento sobre agricultura. Sin embargo, la especialización dentro de la agronomía ha propiciado en algunos casos la implementación de innovaciones técnicas que soslayan elementos clave de los sistemas de producción, como los aspectos sociales, culturales, climáticos, o las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo, originando el fracaso en la práctica. El uso de los diferentes tipos de modelos dentro de la agricultura ha surgido como una alternativa de planificación e investigación, dado que pueden utilizarse para predecir el comportamiento de una planta o animal con diferentes manejos, las características del suelo, la interacción entre diferentes cultivos, y el comportamiento de sistemas de producción con interacción de ganado y cultivos. Actualmente se ha incorporado el efecto de políticas agrícolas, racionalidad de los productores, características del mercado y aspectos ambientales. Desde el enfoque de los agroecosistemas estos modelos se han usado para simular la sustentabilidad, bajo una visión holística y sistémica. Otra evolución importante ha sido considerar al productor como un sujeto que participa en la modelación y no como un componente más del sistema a modelarse, en el denominado modelaje participativo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente documento es analizar los distintos enfoques de la aplicación de los modelos para el estudio y planificación agrícola, y sus retos

Creole corns from the Yucatan Peninsula as an alternative in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig

Objective: The Mexican hairless pig (Sus scrofa) is a species with a high degree of rusticity and environmental adaptation, capable of being included in genetic improvement programs and as a participant in food sovereignty. As a monogastric animal, its diet is diverse, and can include grains and forages. However, there are few records on current alternatives used in their diet that are capable of improving the yields and quality of the meat. In the Yucatan Peninsula, there are native maize, with forage potential, capable of being used in animal feed. The objective of this review was to show the potential of native corn, and its ability to be used, in feeding the Mexican hairless pig (CPM). Design / methodology / approach: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the period from 2000 to 2020, where the potential of Creole maize was documented, to be used in animal feed, both for its grain yields and production of plant biomass. Results: Based on the information analyzed, the use of San Pableño, Dzit bacal, and Nal Tel type breeds is recommended for their inclusion in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig due to their nutritional, mineral and antioxidant value. Limitations on study/implications: Studies are needed, which allow to know the form and quantity of supplying them in the diet. Findings/conclusions: The creole maize present in the Yucatan Peninsula present high rusticity and agroclimatic adaptation, with productive potential to compete with commercial varieties and hybrids, in the production of corn grain and forage, which is why they can be used in the feeding of the hairless pig. Mexican, being an animal species of great adaptation.Objective: The Mexican hairless pig (Sus scrofa) is a species with high degree of rusticity and environmental adaptation, capable of being included in genetic improvement programs and participant in food sovereignty. As a monogastric animal, its diet is diverse, which could include grains and fodders. However, there are few records about current alternatives used in its diet that are capable of improving the yields and quality of the meat. In the Yucatan Peninsula there are native corns with fodder potential, capable of being used in animal feed. The objective of this review was to show the potential of native corns, and their capacity to be used in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig. Design/Methodology/Approximation: A systematic review of the literature from the period 2000 to 2020 was carried out, where the potential of Creole corns to be used in animal feed was documented, both because of their yields in grain and their plant biomass production. Results: Based on the information analyzed, the use of San Pableño, Dzit bacal, and Nal Tel breeds is recommended, for their inclusion in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig due to their nutritional, mineral and antioxidant value. Study Limitations/Implications: There are studies pending to allow understanding the form and quantity to supply them in the diet. Findings/Conclusions: Creole corns that are present in the Yucatan Peninsula present high rusticity and agroclimatic adaptation, with productive potential to compete with the commercial varieties and hybrids, in the production of corn grain and fodder, reason why they can be used in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig, since it is an animal species of great adaptation

Productive parameters and carcass yield of rabbits supplemented with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., and Guazima ulmifolia Lam. foliage: Producción de conejos

Objective: Determine the effect of the inclusion of L. leucocephala and G. ulmifolia foliage on the productive parameters and carcass yield of New Zealand rabbits. Desing/methodology/approach: 30 rabbits (15 females and 15 males) of the New Zealand breed were used, distributed in three treatments (5 females and 5 males), which consisted of feeding 200 g of concentrated food per day + 100 g of fresh L. leucocephala or G. ulmifolia foliage and a control group without supplementation. Results: The total voluntary intake not was affected by the effect of the treatment or sex of the rabbits, an average value of 158.9 g day-1 was recorded. Weight gain was on average 27.2 g day-1. The slaughter weight of the rabbits was on average 2523 g. The carcass weight was 1,297 g and the average carcass yield was 51.6%. The dissectable tier content was lower in the supplemented rabbits (F = 6.70, P=0.001) with values ??of 1.6, 1.8 and 2.11% with fresh foliage of G. ulmifolia, L. leucocephala and without supplementation, this variable was not affected by sex. The proportion of viscera was on average 24.3%. The meat: bone ratio was 5.6 on average. Limitations on study/implications: It was not possible to carry out bromatological analyzes of the foliages or their digestibility. Fingings/conclusions: Supplementation of rabbits with foliage of G. ulmifolia and L. leucocephala decreases the proportion of dissectable gras and does not affect production parameters and carcass yield.Objective: To determine the effect of the addition of Leucaena leucocephala andGuazima ulmifolia foliage on the production parameters and carcass yield of NewZealand rabbits.Desing/methodology/approach: 30 rabbits (15 females and 15 males) of the NewZealand breed were used, distributed in three treatments (five females and five males),which consisted in feeding 200 g of concentrated food per day + 100 g of fresh L.leucocephala or G. ulmifolia foliage, and a control group with no supplementation.Results: The total voluntary intake was not affected by the treatments or gender of therabbits; an average value of 158.9 g day -1 was recorded. Weight gain was 27.2 g day -1on average. The average slaughter weight of the rabbits was 2523 g. The carcassweight was 1,297 g and the average carcass yield was 51.6%. The dissectable fat 2content was lower in rabbits on supplements (F = 6.70, P = 0.001) with values of 1.6, 1.8and 2.11% with fresh foliage of G. ulmifolia, L. leucocephala and withoutsupplementation, this variable was not affected by gender. The viscera proportion wason average 24.3%. The average meat: bone ratio was 5.6.Limitations on study/implications: It was not possible to carry out bromatologicalanalyzes of the foliages or their digestibility.Fingings/conclusions: Supplementation of rabbits with foliage of G. ulmifolia and L.leucocephala decreases the proportion of dissectable fat and did not affect theproduction parameters and carcass yield