INHIBICIÓN DEL CRECIMIENTO DE Salmonella spp y Staphylococcus aureus POR EFECTO DEL ACEITE ESENCIAL DE ORÉGANO EN UNA PELÍCULA BIODEGRADABLE ACTIVA DE ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO: INHIBITION OF Salmonella spp y Staphylococcus aureus GROWTH BY Origanum vulgare ESSENTIAL OIL IN A POLYLACTIC ACID BIODEGRADABLE FILM

  Con la finalidad de reducir el número de personas afectadas por enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos,se elaboraron películas biodegradables activas con propiedades antibacterianas a partir de ácido poliláctico, polietilenglicol, y aceite esencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare) al 1% (p/p) y 2 % (p/p). Las películas biodegradables activas fueron elaboradas mediante el método de evaporación del solvente. Se evaluó la acción antibacteriana de las películas biodegradables activas mediante un ensayo de inhibición a la adhesión microbiana contra Salmonella spp. y Staphylococcus aureus. Se pudo establecer que los porcentajes de aceite esencial aplicados tienen poco efecto inhibitorio sobre Staphylococcus aureus, mientras que para Salmonella spp. hay un efecto directo sobre la inhibición, cuando la concentración de aceite esencial es del 2% (p/p). Para una concentración del 1% (p/p), el efecto inhibidor observado fue pobre. Los resultados indican que las bacterias Gram-negativas Salmonella spp son más susceptibles al daño en la pared celular provocado por el aceite esencial de orégano, debido al menor espesor de la misma. En contraste, el mayor grosor de la pared celular que presentan las bacterias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus aureus exige, en principio, de un tiempo mayor para poder producir la lisis celular. Las películas biodegradables activas con aceite esencial de orégano pueden emplearse para la conservación de los alimentos como una tecnología de barrera en conjunto con otros mecanismos de control microbiano y así minimizar tratamientos térmicos severos o reducir la utilización de aditivos alimentarios, que en concentraciones inadecuadas pueden producir cierta toxicidad.   Palabras clave: películas biodegradables activas, contaminación de alimentos, inhibición bacteriana.   Abstract In order to reduce the number of people affected by foodborne illnesses, active biodegradable films with antibacterial properties were made with polylactic acid, polyethylene glycol, and essential oil of oregano (Origanum vulgare) at 1% (w/w) and 2% (w/w). The active biodegradable films were made using solvent evaporation method. The active biodegradable films antibacterial action was evaluated by microbial adhesion inhibition test against Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. It was established that the percentages of essential oil used have little inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, while for Salmonella spp. there is a direct effect on inhibition, when the essential oil concentration is 2% (w/w). For a concentration of 1% (w/w), the observed inhibitory effect was poor. The results indicate that Gram-negative bacterias Salmonella spp are more susceptible to cellular wall damage caused by oregano essential oil, due to its lower thickness. In contrast, the greater thickness of the cell wall that Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-positive bacteria has, requires, in principle, a longer time to produce cell lysis. Biodegradable active films with oregano essential oil can be used for food preservation as a barrier technology in conjunction with other microbial control mechanisms, thus minimizing severe heat treatments or reducing the use of food additives that, in inadequate concentrations can produce some toxicity.   Keywords: active biodegradable films, food pathogens, bacterial inhibition

Natural History of MYH7-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Variants in myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) are responsible for disease in 1% to 5% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, the clinical characteristics and natural history of MYH7-related DCM are poorly described. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the phenotype and prognosis of MYH7-related DCM. We also evaluated the influence of variant location on phenotypic expression. METHODS We studied clinical data from 147 individuals with DCM-causing MYH7 variants (47.6% female; 35.6 +/- 19.2 years) recruited from 29 international centers. RESULTS At initial evaluation, 106 (72.1%) patients had DCM (left ventricular ejection fraction: 34.5% +/- 11.7%). Median follow-up was 4.5 years (IQR: 1.7-8.0 years), and 23.7% of carriers who were initially phenotype-negative developed DCM. Phenotypic expression by 40 and 60 years was 46% and 88%, respectively, with 18 patients (16%) first diagnosed at <18 years of age. Thirty-six percent of patients with DCM met imaging criteria for LV noncompaction. During follow-up, 28% showed left ventricular reverse remodeling. Incidence of adverse cardiac events among patients with DCM at 5 years was 11.6%, with 5 (4.6%) deaths caused by end-stage heart failure (ESHF) and 5 patients (4.6%) requiring heart transplantation. The major ventricular arrhythmia rate was low (1.0% and 2.1% at 5 years in patients with DCM and in those with LVEF of <= 35%, respectively). ESHF and major ventricular arrhythmia were significantly lower compared with LMNA-related DCM and similar to DCM caused by TTN truncating variants. CONCLUSIONS MYH7-related DCM is characterized by early age of onset, high phenotypic expression, low left ventricular reverse remodeling, and frequent progression to ESHF. Heart failure complications predominate over ventricular arrhythmias, which are rare. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation