Efecto de Xoconostle (Opuntia matudae Scheinvar) sobre la concentración de metano y las variables ruminales durante una fermentación in vitro de rastrojo de maíz

The effect of the addition of xoconostle on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn stover was determined in order to reduce methane emission. Previous studies have shown that xoconostle contains bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial activity that enhance ruminal fermentation. Zero point zero percent, 2.0 %, 4.0 % and 6.0 % of xoconostle were added. The following were determined: chemical composition of the substrates, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, in vitro disappearance of dry matter (IVDDM), the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the kinetic variables of gas production. The volume of methane was measured using the technique of capturing carbon dioxide in sodium hydroxide solution. The content of protein, ether extract, total phenols and antioxidant activity significantly increased (P<0.05) with the addition of xoconostle. The IVDDM also increased with the addition of xoconostle. Regarding the production of propionic acid, it increased significantly (P<0.05) with 6.0 % of xoconostle. The kinetic parameters obtained by the best fit of the experimental data showed a higher digestion rate and lower methane production with the addition of 4.0 and 6.0 % of xoconostle. The use of xoconostle as an additive in ruminant diets decreases methane production in vitro so it can be an alternative to mitigate the increase in the greenhouse effect and benefit the cultivation of a commercially not very appreciated fruit.Se determinó el efecto de la adición de xoconostle en la fermentación ruminal in vitro de rastrojo de maíz con objeto de reducir la emisión de metano. Estudios previos han demostrado que el xoconostle contiene compuestos bioactivos con actividad antimicrobiana potencial que mejoran la fermentación ruminal. Se adicionaron el 0.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% y 6.0% de xoconostle. Se determinó la composición química de los sustratos, compuestos fenólicos, capacidad antioxidante, desaparición in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) y las variables de cinética de producción de gas. El volumen de metano se midió utilizando la técnica de captura de bióxido de carbono en solución de hidróxido de sodio. Con la adición del xoconostle se incrementó significativamente (P<0.05) el contenido de proteína, extracto etéreo, fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante. La DIVMS también se incrementó con la adición del xoconostle. Respecto a la producción de ácido propiónico, ésta se incrementó significativamente (P<0.05) con el 6.0 % de xoconostle. Los parámetros cinéticos obtenidos mediante el mejor ajuste de los datos experimentales mostraron una mayor tasa de digestión y menor producción de metano con la adición del 4.0 y 6.0 % de xoconostle. El uso de xoconostle como aditivo en dietas para rumiantes disminuye la producción de metano in vitro por lo que puede ser una alternativa para mitigar el incremento del efecto invernadero y beneficiar el cultivo de un fruto comercialmente no muy apreciado.

Desarrollo de un biomaterial a base de mezcla almidón-gelatina: Propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera

Films made from a mixture of Chayotextle starch-Gelatin (SG) were prepared in concentrations of SG13, SG22 and SG31 respectively. Two controls were considered; gelatin (G) and starch films (S). Glycerol was added as a plasticizer to all treatments at 2%. G treatment presented higher elasticity, permeability and solubility in comparison to those treatments using starch. FT-IR showed that both ingredients gelatin and starch respected their molecular spaces. However, their contribution was relevant for the formation of the matrix of films. The lowest percentage of crystallinity appeared in S films with 30.8%. This value increased up to 48.5 % in the G treatment. The variation of ratios in the mixture gelatin-starch resulted in different degrees of structural composition and these changes could be configured, adapted and applied to the requirements of the food engineering, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industry.Se prepararon películas a base de una mezcla dealmidón de chayotextle y gelatina (SG) de acuerdo a las siguientes concentraciones SG 3:1, SG 2:2, y SG 1:3. Dos controles fueron considerados en las películas; gelatina (G) y almidón (S). Se adicionó glicerol como plastificante para todos los tratamientos en un 2 %. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el estudio del efecto de las diferentes concentraciones de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina en las propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera de las películas. El tratamiento G presentó la más alta solubilidad comparado con aquellos tratamientos en los que se incluyó al almidón. Los resultados FT-IR exhibieron la huella molecular característica de la gelatina y del almidón. No se detectaron nuevas bandas en los espectrómetros de las mezclas de gelatina. El más bajo porcentaje de cristalinidad apareció en las películas SG 2:2 con 37.8 %. Este valor incrementó hasta un 64.9 % en el tratamiento G. La variación de porcentajes en las mezclas almidón-gelatina produjo diferencias en las estructura y propiedades de las películas. Estas propiedades podrían ser configuradas, adaptadas y aplicadas de acuerdo a losrequerimientos de la industria de ingeniería de alimentos, farmacéutica y biomédica

Evaluación del comportamiento de un reactor UASB con diferentes cargas orgánicas provenientes de lactosuero

Introduction. Dairy industry is one of the most important sectors in industrialized and developing countries. Approximately 90% of the milk used in cheese industries is eliminated as whey (or lactoserum). Statistics indicate that lactoserum or whey is discarded as an effluent and brings a serious environmental problem, due to the fact that it affects, physically and chemically, the soil ́s structure. This reduces the performance of crops and, when whey is disposed by being pouring it into water bodies, aquatic life is reduced because it drains the dissolved oxygen. Objective. Evaluate a UASB reactor by means of anaerobic digestion, using two organic loads of 3 g/L/ .day COD and 4 g/L/.day COD. materials and methods. Different laboratory analyses were performed on both loads: COD, protein, sugars, VFA, methane and ammonium. Results. The results indicated that the COD efficiency was above 65%; the sugars ́ degradation was total and the protein degradation was higher that 78%, while the ammonium, methane and VFA concentrations were all within the normal parameters for the reactor ́s correct work. Conclusion. The UASB reactor is a god option to treat waste water, as it contains whey in two different organic loads.Introdução. A indústria láctea é um dos setores mais importantes da economia de países industrializados e em desenvolvimento. Aproximadamente 90 % do total do leite utilizado na indústria queijeira é eliminado como soro lácteo; as estatísticas indicam que o soro lácteo é descartado como efluente e cria um sério problema ambiental devido a que afeta física e quimicamente a estrutura do solo. O anterior resulta numa diminuição no rendimento de cultivos agrícolas, e quando se elimina no água, reduz a vida aquática ao esgotar o oxigênio dissolvido. Objetivo. Avaliar um reator UASB através da digestão anaeróbia utilizando duas cargas orgânicas de 3 g/L/.dia DQO e 4 g/L/.dia DQO. materiais e métodos. Realizaram-se diferentes análises de laboratório de ambas carregas DQO, proteína, açúcares, AGV, metano e amônio. Resultados. Os resultados indicaram que a eficiência de DQO mostrou ser maior a 65 %, a degradação de açúcares foi total, a degradação de proteína foi maior de 78 %, enquanto as concentrações de amônio, metano e AGV estiveram dentro dos parâmetros normais para um bom funcionamento do reator. Conclusão. O reator UASB é uma boa opção para o tratamento de águas residuais, pois contém soro lácteo em duas cargas orgânicas diferentes.Introducción. La industria láctea es uno de los sectores más importantes de la economía de países industrializados y en desarrollo. Aproximadamente 90 % del total de la leche utilizada en la industria quesera es eliminado como lactosuero; las estadísticas indican que el lactosuero es descartado como efluente y crea un serio problema ambiental debido a que afecta física y químicamente la estructura del suelo. Lo anterior resulta en una disminución en el rendimiento de cultivos agrícolas, y cuando se desecha en el agua, reduce la vida acuática al agotar el oxígeno disuelto. Objetivo. Evaluar un reactor UASB a través de la digestión anaerobia utilizando dos cargas orgánicas de 3 g/L/.día DQO y 4 g/L/.día DQO. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron diferentes análisis de laboratorio de ambas cargas DQO, proteína, azúcares, AGV, metano y amonio. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron que la eficiencia de DQO mostró ser mayor al 65 %, la degradación de azúcares fue total, la degradación de proteína fue mayor de 78 %, mientras que las concentraciones de amonio, metano y AGV estuvieron dentro de los parámetros normales para un buen funcionamiento del reactor. Conclusión. El reactor UASB es una buena opción para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, pues contiene lactosuero en dos cargas orgánicas diferentes

Tratamiento de lactosuero ácido en un reactor UASB a diferentes cargas constantes y puntuales

Introducción. En esta investigación se utilizó el lactosuero ácido de la industria que produce queso tipo oaxaca en un reactor UASB. El reactor fue sometido a tres cargas constantes y tres cargas puntuales de lactosuero. El reactor tuvo una capacidad nominal de 2.9 L con un tiempo de retención hidráulica de 1.9 días con un flujo ascendente y cama de lodos del 40 % del volumen del reactor. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento de un reactor UASB a 3 diferentes cargas constantes de lactosuero. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron 3 diferentes cargas constantes de lactosuero 5200, 7800 y 10500 mg DQO/L·día cada una con duración de 22 días y cargas puntuales de 32000, 47000 y 65000 mg DQO/L·día de lactosuero cada una con una duración de 24 horas. Tanto al influente como al efluente se determinaron: azúcares totales, ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV), proteína, pH, metano y DQO. Resultados. Los hallazgos mostraron que en las cargas constantes manejadas la eficiencia en remoción de DQO fue 26 %, y para las cargas puntuales fue 57 %. La eficiencia en degradación de azúcares para las cargas constantes y puntuales fue 95 %. Para proteína las eficiencias de remoción en las cargas constantes fueron mayores a 27 %, y para las cargas puntuales la eficiencia fue 46 %. Conclusión. Los valores de ácidos grasos volátiles y metano estuvieron dentro de los límites para un buen funcionamiento del reactor; sin embargo el pH presentó valores ácidos por debajo de lo recomendado

Decrease of Greenhouse Gases during an In Vitro Ruminal Digestibility Test of Forage (Festuca arundinacea) Conditioned with Selenium Nanoparticles

The Festuca arundinacea Schreb. is one of the most used forage grasses due to its duration, productivity, great ecological breadth, and adaptability. Livestock has been criticized for its large production of greenhouse gases (GHG) due to forage. The advancement of science has led to an increase in the number of studies based on nanotechnologies; NPs supplementation in animal nutrition has found positive results in the fermentation of organic matter and the production of fatty acids and ruminal microorganisms. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the in vitro digestibility of forage containing selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs), and to identify the specific behavior of the ruminal fermentation parameters of F. arundinacea Schreb. and (2) quantify the production of greenhouse gases (total gas and methane) (3) as well as the release of bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and selenium) after fermentation. Three treatments of SeNPs were established (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 ppm). The effects of foliar fertilization with SeNPs son digestion parameters were registered, such as the in vitro digestion of dry matter (IVDM); total gas production (Atotal gas) and methane production (ACH4); pH; incubation time(to); the substrate digestion rate (S); tSmax and the lag phase (L); as well as the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), total phenols, total flavonoids, and tannins in ruminal fluid. The best results were obtained in the treatment with the foliar application of 4.5 ppm of SeNPs; IVDMD (60.46, 59.2, and 59.42%), lower total gas production (148.37, 135.22, and 141.93 mL g DM&minus;1), and CH4 (53.42, 52.65, and 53.73 mL g DM&minus;1), as well as a higher concentration of total VFA (31.01, 31.26, and 31.24 mmol L&minus;1). The best results were obtained in the treatment with the foliar application of 4.5 ppm of SeNPs in the three different harvests; concerning IVDMD (60.46, 59.2, and 59.42%), lower total gas production (148.37, 135.22, and 141.93 mL g DM&minus;1), and CH4 (53.42, 52.65, and 53.73 mL g DM&minus;1), as well as a higher concentration of total VFA (31.01, 31.26, and 31.24 mmol L&minus;1). The F. arundinacea Schreb. plants fertilized with 4.5 ppm released&mdash;in the ruminal fluid during in vitro fermentation&mdash;the following contents: total phenols (98.77, 99.31, and 99.08 mgEAG/100 mL), flavonoids (34.96, 35.44, and 34.96 mgQE/100 g DM), tannins (27.22, 27.35, and 27.99 mgEC/100g mL), and selenium (0.0811, 0.0814, and 0.0812 ppm)

Application of Nanoemulsions (W/O) of Extract of Opuntia oligacantha C.F. Först and Orange Oil in Gelatine Films

Over the past decade, consumers have demanded natural, completely biodegradable active packaging serving as food containers. Bioactive plant compounds can be added to biopolymer-based films to improve their functionality, as they not only act as barriers against oxidation, microbiological, and physical damage, they also offer functionality to the food they contain. A water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion was produced by applying ultrasound to xoconostle extract and orange oil, and was incorporated into gelatine films in different proportions 1:0 (control), 1:0.10, 1:0.25, 1:0.50, 1:0.75, and 1:1 (gelatine:nanoemulsion). The nanoemulsions had an average size of 118.80 &plusmn; 5.50 nm with a Z-potential of &minus;69.9 &plusmn; 9.93 mV. The presence of bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and betalains in the films was evaluated. The 1:1 treatment showed the highest presence of bioactive compounds, 41.31 &plusmn; 3.71 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g (GAE)/100g for phenols, 28.03 &plusmn; 3.25 mg of quercetin equivalent per 100 g (EQ)/100g flavonoids and 0.014 mg/g betalains. Radical inhibition reached 72.13% for 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and 82.23% for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The color of the films was influenced by the incorporation of nanoemulsions, showing that it was significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) to the control. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, Young&rsquo;s modulus, and percentage elongation, were affected by the incorporation of nanoemulsified bioactive compounds into gelatine films. The obtained films presented changes in strength and flexibility. These characteristics could be favorable as packaging material

The Application of Ultrasound in Honey: Antioxidant Activity, Inhibitory Effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and In Vitro Digestibility Assessment

In the present study, the effects of ultrasound (10, 20, and 30 min) on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, enzymatic inhibition, and in vitro digestion of six honey extracts from the Oaxaca state, Mexico, were analyzed. Significant differences were found in each honey extract with respect to the ultrasonic treatment applied (p < 0.05). In the honey extract P-A1 treated with 20 min of ultrasound, the phenols reached a maximum concentration of 29.91 ± 1.56 mg EQ/100 g, and the flavonoids of 1.92 ± 0.01 mg EQ/100 g; in addition, an inhibition of α-amylase of 37.14 ± 0.09% was noted. There were also differences in the phases of intestinal and gastric digestion, presenting a decrease in phenols (3.92 ± 0.042 mg EQ/100 g), flavonoids (0.61 ± 0.17 mg EAG/100 mg), antioxidant capacity (8.89 ± 0.56 mg EAG/100 mg), and amylase inhibition (9.59 ± 1.38%). The results obtained from this study indicate that, in some honeys, the processing method could increase the concentration of bioactive compounds, the antioxidant capacity, and the enzymatic inhibition; however, when subjected to in vitro digestion, the properties of honey are modified. The results obtained could aid in the development of these compounds for use in traditional medicine as a natural source of bioactive compounds

Influence of Bioactive Compounds Incorporated in a Nanoemulsion as Coating on Avocado Fruits (Persea americana) during Postharvest Storage: Antioxidant Activity, Physicochemical Changes and Structural Evaluation

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the application of a nanoemulsion made of orange essential oil and Opuntia oligacantha extract on avocado quality during postharvest. The nanoemulsion was applied as a coating in whole fruits, and the following treatments were assessed: concentrated nanoemulsion (CN), 50% nanoemulsion (N50), 25% nanoemulsion (N25) and control (C). Weight loss, firmness, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total soluble solids, pH, external and internal colour, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity by 2,2&prime;-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while the structural evaluation of the epicarp was assessed through histological cuts. Significant differences were found (p &lt; 0.05) among the treatments in all the response variables. The best results were with the N50 and N25 treatments for firmness and weight loss, finding that the activity of the PPO was diminished, and a delay in the darkening was observed in the coated fruits. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion treatments maintained the total phenol and total flavonoid contents and potentiated antioxidant activity at 60 days. This histological study showed that the nanoemulsion has a delaying effect on the maturation of the epicarp. The results indicate that using this nanoemulsion as a coating is an effective alternative to improve the postharvest life of avocado