Bone and Phosphate in Relation to Health, Survival and Genetic Factors

In this thesis, we found that a) low bone mineral density was related to increased mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and b) increased serum phosphate, even at normal levels, was related to fracture risk, low BMD at the lumbar spine and coronary artery calcification. For the latter association, we found evidence of causality, due to the implementation of Mendelian Randomization technique. All our results were more consistent or even unique in men. The genetic analyses on phosphate levels identified 264 loci in the human genome and highlighted the importance of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (6p21.3) also on phosphate levels, as the top hit mapped to the flanking region of the MHC. Interestingly, the same finding has been described in White British and East Asian Japanese populations. Our next step will be the replication in BioBank Japan followed by trans-ethnic meta-analysis and Bayesian fine-mapping

Comparative fluid inclusion studies of the San Martín skarn (Mexico) and the epithermal Comstock Lode (USA) and Pachuca-Real del Monte (Mexico) deposits

San Martín (Mexico), Pachuca-Real del Monte (México) y Comstock Lode (USA) son depósitos de metales base y plata emplazados en rocas volcanosedimentarias del cretáceo y Terciario. El primero es un depósito del tipo skarn mientras que el segundo y tercero son del tipo epitermal. Un estudio de inclusiones fluidas en cuarzo, esfalerita y fluorita fue desarrollado para caracterizar las soluciones mineralizantes las cuales presentan diferentes composiciones y temperaturas. Las temperaturas de homogenización y salinidad de los fluidos presentes en las muestras de cuarzo y fluorita de San Martín varían entre 300 y 320 °C y 5.0 y 40 % eq. peso NaCl con base en la Tmice and TNaCl. La Halita como mineral hijo es frecuente en las muestras de cuarzo y fluorita. Sinembargo, en los otros distritos los valores en esfalerita (Pachuca-Real) y cuarzo (Comstock) son relativamente mas bajos: 265 °C y 3.4 % eq. peso NaCl y 251 °C y 0.3 % eq. peso NaCl respectivamente. Mediciones de un cristal de cuarzo zonado evidencian una evolución de los fluidos durante las fases de mineralización en Comstock Lode. En este fueron observadas temperaturas y salinidades de 249 °C y 0.6 % eq peso NaCl en el núcleo y 245 °C y 0.1 % eq wt. NaCl hacia el borde. La salinidad y temperatura de los fluidos hidrotermales parece ser factores importantes que influyen en la precipitación mineral. En general estos depositos se caracterizan por temperaturas <350 °C y salinidades entre 0.0 to 40 % en. peso de NaCl. Las presiones y profundidades estimadas varían entre 41 y 103 bars y los 472 y 1400 metros.The San Martin (Mexico), Pachuca-Real del Monte (Mexico) and Comstock Lode (USA) are base-metal and silver deposits within Cretaceous to Tertiary volcano-sedimentary host rocks. The first is a skarn type deposit whilst the second and third are epithermal vein-type deposits. A fluid inclusion study of quartz, sphalerite and fluorite was undertaken to characterize mineralizing solutions which have different compositions and temperatures. Microthermometric measurements were made based on the recognition of changes of twophase liquid-rich, two-phase vapor-rich and multiphase (NaCl) inclusions during heating and freezing experiments. Homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite from San Martin range from 300 to 320 °C and 5.0 to 40 eq. wt. % NaCl based on Tmice and TNaCl. Halite as a daughter mineral is often present in quartz and fluorite. However in the other districts, the Th and salinity values in sphalerite (Pachuca-Real) and quartz (Comstock) are lower: 265 °C and 3.4 % eq. wt. NaCl and 251 °C and 0.3 eq. wt. % NaCl respectively. Data from a single zoned quartz crystal provides evidence of fluid evolution at the Comstock Lode. Temperatures and salinities observed were 249 °C and 0.6 eq wt % NaCl at the core and 245 °C and 0.1 eq wt % NaCl at the rim. The salinity and temperature of the hydrothermal brines seems to be an important factor in explaining the precipitation of the ore minerals. These deposits are characterized by temperatures <350 °C and salinities from 0.2 to 4.93 wt % eq. NaCl. Estimated pressures and depths range from 41 to 103 bars and 472 to 1394 meters