6 research outputs found
Interdisciplinaridade e Preservação: a caracterização microanalítica dos ornatos e da escultura da Águia da cobertura de cobre do Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
The Municipal Theatre of Rio de Janeiro was inaugurated in 1909. A monumental eagle sculpture stands out above the building on its frontal facade. From 2008 on, a restoration and modernization works were performed in the whole historical monument ended in 2010. A multidisciplinary study constituted by materials characterization was carried out in order to characterize the original ornaments on the roof and the eagle sculpture. The characterization contributes to reconstitute technical aspects of the construction and to reproduce them in the restoration work. Besides, it can be useful for conservation purposes.O Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro foi inaugurado em 1909. A construção inclui muitos elementos metálicos, com destaque para uma escultura monumental de Águia que encima o prédio em sua fachada frontal. A partir de 2008, foi iniciado o processo de restauração da edificação, finalizado em 2010. Nesse âmbito, foi realizada uma pesquisa interdisciplinar, para caracterização microanalítica dos ornatos originais da cobertura e da escultura da Águia. O objetivo foi identificar os materiais e as técnicas empregadas em sua confecção e avaliar o estado de conservação
[pt] ESTUDO ARQUEOMETALÚRGICO DE OBJETOS METÁLICOS RESGATADOS DE SÍTIOS HISTÓRICOS DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Este trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar um estudo
arqueometalúrgico de
objetos ferrosos e não-ferrosos resgatados de sítios
históricos do Rio de
janeiro. A pesquisa experimental desenvolveu uma
metodologia de análise
utilizando-se de técnicas destrutivas como Microscopia
Ótica (MO),
Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia
Eletrônica de
Transmissão e não destrutivas como Fluorescência de Raio X
(FRX) e Emissão
de Raios-X por Indução de Partículas (PIXE). Os objetos
foram analisados com
o intuito de caracterizar sua composição, estrutura e
método de elaboração.
Estes correspondem a seis artefatos de natureza metálica
não-ferrosa e um de
natureza metálica ferrosa. O objeto metálico ferroso
corresponde a uma
enxada. As características microestruturais dos objetos
estão correlacionadas
com a função que esses desempenhavam na época e indicativa
de que a
enxada possa ter sido feita no Brasil por escravos
africanos. A análise da
enxada permite concluir que é constituída de um ferro
pudlado e que foi
processada por fundição e forjamento. Quanto aos objetos
não-ferrosos, o
rosário é constituído de um latão monofásico mais rico em
cobre. Com relação
à fabricação do rosário pode-se concluir de que seja de
origem européia, sendo
decorrente de um minério pirítico. As medalhas são de
procedência européia
constituídas de latão. Historicamente, pode-se deduzir que
são referentes ao
século XVIII. Conclui-se que as duas moedas do Sítio
Rochedo sejam
originárias de fontes diferentes, constatado pelas
análises químicas. Porém, as
concentrações químicas da moeda de 1821 são próximas a uma
das moedas
de 40 réis. A presente tese permitiu evidenciar a
importância da sistemática de
trabalho experimental de caracterização, a partir de
técnicas destrutivas e nãodestrutivas
de materiais, de objetos arqueológicos para estabelecer seu
contexto histórico.This work undertakes an archeometallurgical study of
ferrous and non-ferrous
artifacts recovered from historical sites of Rio de
Janeiro. The experimental
research developed an analytical methodology based on
destructive techniques,
such as Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electronic
Microscopy (SEM) and
Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM); as well as non-
destructive
techniques, namely X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Particle
Induction X-Ray
Emission (PIXE). These artifacts were analyzed in order to
characterize their
composition, structure and elaboration/processing methods.
There are six
artifacts with a non-ferrous metallic nature and one with
a ferrous metallic nature.
The ferrous metallic artifact was a hoe. The
microstructure characteristics is
related to the usage of this object at that time, and
indicates that the hoe could
have been made in Brazil by African slaves. The analysis
of the hoe indicates
that it was elaborated from puddle iron and that it had
been processed by foundry
and forging. The rosary, one of the non-ferrous artifacts,
is formed by singlephase
brass riche in copper; and according to historical
research it is of
European origin, deriving from pyrite ore. The medals are
also of European origin
and are based on brass. Historically one can deduce that
they are dated from the
18th century. The two coins from the Rochedo site most
probably came from
distinct sources, as validated by the chemical analysis.
However, the chemical
composition of the 1821 coin is close to that of the 40
réis coin. The present
thesis has shown the importance of a systematic
methodology to characterize
ancient objects combining both destructive and non-
destructive techniques
Teorias da conservação e desafios relacionados aos acervos científicos
Material cultural heritage has a limited time of existence. One of the goals of conservation, designed to prolong the physical integrity of this heritage, involves devising prevention and intervention strategies. These strategies should be firmly rooted in theory. In this article, the theoretical principles of conservation are analyzed in broad terms, as are the prevailing approaches adopted at different times, from the 19th century to the present day (Ruskin, Violet-le-Duc, Boito, Brandi, Muñoz Viñaz, and others). The article also focuses on the specific challenges of conserving scientific collections, which are caused by the virtual absence of qualified professionals in the area, the growing number of objects acquired for collections and the very nature of the collections themselves. Three main aspects were discussed: constituent materials of the scientific objects, the function of the instruments and the collection of pieces of scientific heritage today
Teorias da conservação e desafios relacionados aos acervos científicos
Material cultural heritage has a limited time of existence. One of the goals of conservation, designed to prolong the physical integrity of this heritage, involves devising prevention and intervention strategies. These strategies should be firmly rooted in theory. In this article, the theoretical principles of conservation are analyzed in broad terms, as are the prevailing approaches adopted at different times, from the 19th century to the present day (Ruskin, Violet-le-Duc, Boito, Brandi, Muñoz Viñaz, and others). The article also focuses on the specific challenges of conserving scientific collections, which are caused by the virtual absence of qualified professionals in the area, the growing number of objects acquired for collections and the very nature of the collections themselves. Three main aspects were discussed: constituent materials of the scientific objects, the function of the instruments and the collection of pieces of scientific heritage today
Effect of lung recruitment and titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome - A randomized clinical trial
IMPORTANCE: The effects of recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration on clinical outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine if lung recruitment associated with PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance decreases 28-day mortality of patients with moderate to severe ARDS compared with a conventional low-PEEP strategy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, randomized trial conducted at 120 intensive care units (ICUs) from 9 countries from November 17, 2011, through April 25, 2017, enrolling adults with moderate to severe ARDS. INTERVENTIONS: An experimental strategy with a lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance (n = 501; experimental group) or a control strategy of low PEEP (n = 509). All patients received volume-assist control mode until weaning. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality until 28 days. Secondary outcomes were length of ICU and hospital stay; ventilator-free days through day 28; pneumothorax requiring drainage within 7 days; barotrauma within 7 days; and ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1010 patients (37.5% female; mean [SD] age, 50.9 [17.4] years) were enrolled and followed up. At 28 days, 277 of 501 patients (55.3%) in the experimental group and 251 of 509 patients (49.3%) in the control group had died (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.42; P = .041). Compared with the control group, the experimental group strategy increased 6-month mortality (65.3% vs 59.9%; HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.38; P = .04), decreased the number of mean ventilator-free days (5.3 vs 6.4; difference, −1.1; 95% CI, −2.1 to −0.1; P = .03), increased the risk of pneumothorax requiring drainage (3.2% vs 1.2%; difference, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 4.0%; P = .03), and the risk of barotrauma (5.6% vs 1.6%; difference, 4.0%; 95% CI, 1.5% to 6.5%; P = .001). There were no significant differences in the length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with moderate to severe ARDS, a strategy with lung recruitment and titrated PEEP compared with low PEEP increased 28-day all-cause mortality. These findings do not support the routine use of lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01374022