How important is agriculture and familiar agriculture agribusiness for Brazil and its states: an interregional input-output approach

The aim of this paper is estimate how important is agriculture and familiar agriculture agribusiness for Brazil and its states. To do so, the GDP for the agribusiness of these complexes is estimated for Brazil and for its 27 states. The estimation is based on an interregional input-output system constructed for the Brazilian economy. The agribusiness takes into consideration the relations between the agriculture production and the other sectors in the economy (inputs for production, industry, transportation, distribution, and commercialization). The importance of the agribusiness can be evidence for it’s share of about 30% in the total Brazilian GDP, but regional differences will make this average oscillates between 4% and 79% in the Brazilian states. Another distinction will be made between small familiar production and large scale production that will vary according to the product and the state. Some relation between land distribution and the type of agriculture will also be made

How important is agriculture and familiar agriculture agribusiness for Brazil and its states: an interregional input-output approach

The aim of this paper is estimate how important is agriculture and familiar agriculture agribusiness for Brazil and its states. To do so, the GDP for the agribusiness of these complexes is estimated for Brazil and for its 27 states. The estimation is based on an interregional input-output system constructed for the Brazilian economy. The agribusiness takes into consideration the relations between the agriculture production and the other sectors in the economy (inputs for production, industry, transportation, distribution, and commercialization). The importance of the agribusiness can be evidence for it’s share of about 30% in the total Brazilian GDP, but regional differences will make this average oscillates between 4% and 79% in the Brazilian states. Another distinction will be made between small familiar production and large scale production that will vary according to the product and the state. Some relation between land distribution and the type of agriculture will also be made

Effects of supplementing milk replacer with sodium butyrate on dairy calves.

Diarrhea and respiratory diseases pose significant challenges in the rearing of pre-weaned calves, motivating the investigation of tools to improve gastrointestinal tract development, health, and overall performance in young calves. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an additive incorporated into milk replacer to promote the development and health of the animals. Forty-six dairy calves were randomly assigned into two treatments: control (CON, n = 23; with 15 females and 8 males), and sodium butyrate (SB, n = 23; with 15 females and 8 males). The calves in the SB treatment group were supplemented with 4 g/d of unprotected sodium butyrate (Adimix, Adisseo, China), added to the milk replacer from 4 to 60 days of age. Water and starter were fed ad libitum. The study evaluated several parameters, including feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids, blood metabolites (glucose, insulin-like growth factor type 1, urea, β–hydroxybutyrate), hemogram, health scores, performance, and feed efficiency. Bull calves were euthanized at 60 days of age for organ comparison, while heifer calves were assessed for carryover effects up to 90 days of age. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the nlme package in R, and the Artools package for non-parametric categorical outcomes. Although the feed intake and performance variables exhibited differences within weeks, no divergence was observed between treatment groups. Notably, a positive treatment-by-week interaction was identified for starter feed intake (p = 0.02) and total dry matter intake (p = 0.04) during pre-weaning for CON animals. Ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, and hemogram values such as glucose, urea, insulin-like growth factor type 1, mean corpuscular value, lymphocytes, and neutrophils displayed differences within weeks during the pre-weaning stage, but similar results within groups. No differences between supplemented and non-supplemented calves were found across nutrient digestibility, organ development, and histology. Regarding health scores, differences were noted within weeks for fecal and respiratory scores during the pre-weaning stage, and only the respiratory score during the post-weaning stage. Consequently, butyrate supplementation did not elicit improvements or negative effects in the body development or health status of dairy calves

A nova configuração regional brasileira e sua geografia econômica

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a nova configuração regional brasileira, procurando delimitar seus pólos econômicos e suas áreas de influência, como base para uma proposta de nova regionalização para o Brasil. Para isto, é construída uma metodologia específica, baseada na aplicação do Modelo Gravitacional, comumente usado em estudos espaciais, por meio do Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG. Este procedimento possibilita a identificação das regiões-pólos e suas áreas de influência, com base no potencial de interação econômica entre as unidades espaciais e na correspondente hierarquia de poder de atração econômica no espaço. As microrregiões geográficas (MRGs) do IBGE constituem a unidade espacial básica deste estudo, que se baseia nos microdados do Censo Demográfico de 1991. A base cartográfica digital foi a Malha Municipal Digital do Brasil, convertida para o Mapinfo. A regionalização final incorpora, em seus resultados, uma qualificação da fricção espacial.<br>The aim of this paper is to identify the new regional pattern of the Brazilian economy by defining its economic poles and their areas of polarization, which will provide an economic regionalization for Brazil. The methodological tools to assign this objective will be an adapted version of the gravitational model using the Geographic Information System - GIS. This procedure will allow the identification of the influence areas for each regional pole, based on the potential interaction among the spatial units and their hierarchy in terms of economic power of attraction. The microregion of the Brazilian Statistics Bureau (IBGE) will be the spatial unit of this study, which will rely on microdata of the 1991 Demographic Census. The digital cartographic base is the Brazilian Municipal Digital Network converted into the MapInfo. The results will provide a hierarchical spatial structure of macro regions, mesoregions, microregions, and municipalities. In addition, we will make a basic economic characterization of the regions related to their agglomeration capability and economic activities