Guía básica para autoconstrucción de vivienda unifamiliar para personas de escasos recursos

Líneas de investigación en Gestión y Tecnología Para La Sustentabilidad y Saneamiento de las ComunidadesPresentar y sustentar una guía básica para la autoconstrucción de vivienda unifamiliar para personas de escasos recursos, brindando parámetros de manera practica en cada una de las etapas a desarrollar en un proyecto. La cual permite comprender y transmitir toda la información a cualquier tipo de lector.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. Generalidades 2. Marco de referencia 3. Metodología 4. Producto a entregar 5. Resultado esperados e impactos 6. Estrategia de comunicación 7. Pregunta de investigación 8. Respuesta a pregunta de investigación 9. Nuevas áreas de estudio CONCLUSIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍAEspecializaciónEspecialista en Gerencia de Obras Civile

Impacto socio-económico de los proyectos de mantenimiento, mejoramiento y ampliación (para el tramo faltante) de la malla vial en la carrera 24 de Girardot, trayecto Ciudad Montes-la Esperanza de la vía Nariño.

Realizar una evaluación técnica del estado actual de la Carrera 24 de Girardot, trayecto Ciudad Montes – La esperanza, teniendo en cuenta el impacto Socio-Económico a la comunidad, con el fin de esclarecer los términos de diseño y generar probables soluciones que contribuyan en el buen desarrollo de la población.Este proyecto analiza el impacto socio-económico que genera la intervención a la vía departamental que comunica los municipios de Tocaima, Girardot y Nariño Cundinamarca, a la altura del tramo de la variante donde los vehículos provenientes de Tocaima toman su paso por Girardot y así finalmente llegar a Nariño, dicho tramo consta de 4,5 km los cuales quedan ubicados en Girardot, desde el barrio Ciudad Montes hasta el barrio La Esperanza, ésta vía en dicha Ciudad se encuentra registrada como la Carrera 24, la cual al parecer se encuentra en un estado inadecuado . Para llegar al objeto de investigación se revisó la composición actual de la vía, para ello se hizo una inspección visual para hallar las áreas de afectación por medio de sus patologías, se ejecutaron estudios de tránsito y Geotécnicos para determinar las variables que influyen favorablemente o negativamente sobre ella. Luego se procedió a diseñar un tipo de pavimento flexible óptimo para la necesidad de tránsito actual y proyectado, realizando una comparación de lo que debe ser contra lo que contiene, llegando a una propuesta económica de acuerdo a cada situación. Finalmente se expusieron las necesidades e inquietudes, para llegar a las conclusiones, recomendaciones y proyecciones.This project analyzes the socio-economic impact generarte by the intervention to the departmental road that connects the municipalities of Tocaima, Girardot and Nariño Cundinamarca, at the height of the section of the variant where the vehicles coming from Tocaima take their passage through Girardot and thus finally arrive to Nariño, said stretch consists of 4.5 km which are located in Girardot, from the Ciudad Montes neighborhood to the La Esperanza neighborhood, thais road in said city is registered as Carrera 24, which apparently is located in an inadequate state. To reach the research object, the current composition of the road was revised, for which a visual inspection is made to find the areas of affectation by means of their pathologies, transit and Geotechnical studies are executed to determine the variables that influence favorably or negatively about her. Then we proceeded to design a type of flexible pavement optimal for the need for current and projected traffic, making a comparison with what should be against what it contains, reaching an economic proposal according to each situation. Finally the needs and concerns are exposed, the conclusions, recommendations and projections

Evolution of the Use of Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID National Registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236-996) mu g/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) mu g/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp0(2)/Fi0(2) (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality