Estimating and explaining differences in income related inequality in health across general practices.

We use data on individual patients in general practices to examine whether income related inequality in self reported health differs across general practices and whether such differences are explained by characteristics of the practices. We allow for the simultaneous determination of health and income by instrumenting income. We also allow for item non response for the income question by a two stage selection model. We find that item non response has little effect on the estimated relationship between income and health but that allowing for simultaneity doubles the estimated effect of income on health. We show that there are significant differences in the effect of income on health across practices and that these differences are related to the number of patients per GP, a measure of practice prescribing quality, and the provision of out of hours services.Health; Income; Inequality; Primary care.

Farming Inside Invisible Worlds

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by the University of Otago, New Zealand. Farming Inside Invisible Worlds argues that the farm is a key player in the creation and stabilisation of political, economic and ecological power-particularly in colonised landscapes like New Zealand, America and Australia. This open access book reviews and rejects the way that farms are characterised in orthodox economics and agricultural science and then shows how re-centring the farm using the theoretical idea of political ontology can transform the way we understand the power of farming. Starting with the colonial history of farms in New Zealand, Hugh Campbell goes on to describe the rise of modernist farming and its often hidden political, racial and ecological effects. He concludes with an examination of alternative ways to farm in New Zealand, showing how the prior histories of colonisation and modernisation reveal important ways to farm differently in post-colonial worlds. Hugh Campbell's book has wide-ranging implications for understanding the role farms play in both our food systems and landscapes, and is an exciting new addition to food studies

The evolution of modern Catholic social teaching on labour and social justice

The task of this thesis is to show that from the nineteenth century to the present Catholic Scoial Teaching recognized increasingly the need for social justice in the areas of labour and society. In order to do this, I propose to research carefully the major official Church documents on Catholic social teaching on human labour from Pople Leo XIII’s Enevelical, Rerum Novarum (The Condition of Labour), 1891, up to Pope John II’s Enevelical Laborem Exercens (On Human Work), 1981. I will also attempt to define what Catholic Social Teaching is and explain what are the principles which make up the social teaching of the Catholic Church—principles which are drawn from scripture, concepts of natural law and the sciences. Reference will also be made to Karl marx where his philosophy on labour is applicable. To support the position of the Catholic Church in its teaching on social justice in the workplace while at the same time given that position clarity from my own point of view, I will speak briefly on my evolution as a worker, a union steward, and Catholic layman. I believe this is necessary because what I am today and how I feel about social justice (or the lack of it), especially in the workplace, has its roots in my early tradition and gradually evolved. Just as the Catholic Church in its writings down through the ages has consistently recognized the plight of the worker, I, too, as a worker, gradually became aware of many visible injustices in the workplace, although I was relatively powerless to do anything about them. In developing my thesis, I will draw upon my thirty-eight years’ experience as a member of Canada’s work-force, thirty-four of which were spent in the telecommunication field. By referring to specific work-related problems I encountered over the years, I will demonstrate why there is such a need for social justice in the workplace, and why I as both Catholic and worker ultimately became a strong advocate for some form of legal machinery to help resolve these problems. I will briefly touch on some incidents that immediately preceded the majority vote for the Communication Workers of Canada (CWC) as the bargaining agent for the Phone Company’s craft and clerical employees in place of the Employees’ Association. As one of the first union stewards and Chairman of the Political Action Committee for the CWC, I will relate a few of the many cases I resolved for fellow workers, in contrast with what the Association has been able to do for this group of workers. I will show why I agree wholeheartedly with the Catholic Church’s present position on and support of the trade union movement as a vehicle for social justice in the workplace. All of the Popes with whom I will be dealing, Leo XIII, Pius XI, Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II, called for social justice in the workplace and advocated unions as bargaining agents for the worker. Their writings and those of other brilliant Catholic churchmen and laymen demonstrate how the Catholic Church has evolved in the area of social justice and labour. It is this broader Catholic support which has allowed me to find my proper place as a worker advocate. Thus, autobiographical reflection will provide the impetus which inspired me to analyze the papal enevelicals of the Catholic Church

Effect of rumen undegradable fat at two levels of undegradable intake protein in early lactation through mid-lactation of dairy cows

Sixty multiparous Holstein cows were fed four concentrates formulated to contain 0 or .45 kg supplemental fat (SF) and 16% CP of which 36 or 42% was undegradable intake protein (UIP). A commercial blend of hydrolyzed feather meal and conventional cooker-dried blood meal along with dried distillers grain were used to increase the UIP percentage. Prilled, partially saturated beef tallow was the supplemental fat source. The control diet (36% UIP and 0 SF) was fed during the covariate period from calving through wk 4. At wk 5 postpartum, cows were switched to one of four experimental concentrates which they received for the following 17 wk: control. Fat (36% UIP and .45 kg SF), UP (42% UIP and 0 SF), and Fat + UP (42% UIP and .45 kg SF). The main effects were increased UIP and SF. Milk yield, concentrate intake, body weight and body condition score were not different due to treatment. Fat treatment tended to increase yield of four percent FCM (42.9 vs 40.8 kg/d) and milk protein (1.32 vs 1.23 kg/d). UP treatment had no significant effects. The interaction of Fat + UP decreased milk fat percent (2.79 vs 3.10%) and increased milk protein percent (3.12 vs 3.02%), which supports increased UIP content in the diet when SF is fed. Ultrasound measurements taken at the withers, between the twelfth and thirteen rib, and midpoint of the hooks and pins were compared with body condition scores (scale 1 = thin, 5 = fat). A low correlation between ultrasound measurements and body condition score indicates that body condition in dairy cattle should not be predicted by ultrasound measurements

Farming Inside Invisible Worlds

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by the University of Otago, New Zealand. Farming Inside Invisible Worlds argues that the farm is a key player in the creation and stabilisation of political, economic and ecological power-particularly in colonised landscapes like New Zealand, America and Australia. This open access book reviews and rejects the way that farms are characterised in orthodox economics and agricultural science and then shows how re-centring the farm using the theoretical idea of political ontology can transform the way we understand the power of farming. Starting with the colonial history of farms in New Zealand, Hugh Campbell goes on to describe the rise of modernist farming and its often hidden political, racial and ecological effects. He concludes with an examination of alternative ways to farm in New Zealand, showing how the prior histories of colonisation and modernisation reveal important ways to farm differently in post-colonial worlds. Hugh Campbell's book has wide-ranging implications for understanding the role farms play in both our food systems and landscapes, and is an exciting new addition to food studies