An examination of the psychometric properties of Brazilian Portuguese translations of the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale

The aim of this study was to translate into Brazilian Portuguese three scales for the assessment of men's body image, namely the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (SMAQ), and the Male Body Ideal Distress Scale (MBIDS), and to evaluate the factor structure of each of these translated scales. A sample of 878 men completed translated versions of each of the scales, a previously translated Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale, and demographic measures. Confirmatory factor analysis, using unweighted least square estimation and listwise deletion, was used to determine the scales' factorial structures. Results showed that the Portuguese DMS and MBIDS had similar factor structures as their parent versions, whereas the SMAQ had a three-factor structure that diverged from its parent scale. Adequate internal reliability coefficients and evidence of construct validity was established for all three scales. These translated scales provide useful tools for quantitative investigations of men's body image in the Brazilian context and expand the possibility of future cross-cultural research

The brief body avoidance and checking scale for physically active men: development and initial validation

The aim of this study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Brief Body Avoidance and Checking Scale (BBACS) for physically active men. The BBACS is designed to assess the frequency of body checking and avoidance behaviors common among users of gyms and health clubs. Following development of an initial pool of items and content judgment, data from 325 men were collected from gym users and participants in organized sporting events. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for a model with two factors and 12 items. Satisfactory evidence of construct validity and internal consistency was also generated through analysis of factor loadings, t-values, correlations with drive for muscularity and body satisfaction measures, group differences, Cronbach’s alpha, and construct reliability tests. The BBACS appears to be a valid and reliable scale for assessing the frequency of body checking and body avoidance behaviors among physically active men

Acceptance of cosmetic surgery among British female university students: are there ethnic differences?

Although patients of cosmetic surgery are increasingly ethnically diverse, previous studies have not examined ethnic differences in attitudinal dispositions toward cosmetic surgery. In the present study, 751 British female university students from three ethnic groups (Caucasians, South Asians, and African Caribbeans) completed measures of acceptance of cosmetic surgery, body appreciation, self-esteem, and demographic variables. Initial between-group analyses showed that Caucasians had lower body appreciation and self-esteem than Asian and African Caribbean participants. Importantly, Caucasians had higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery than their ethnic minority counterparts, even after controlling for body appreciation, self-esteem, age, and body mass index. Further analyses showed that ethnicity accounted for a small proportion of the variance in acceptance of cosmetic surgery, with body appreciation and self-esteem emerging as stronger predictors. Possible reasons for ethnic differences in acceptance of cosmetic surgery are discussed in Conclusion

Body Appreciation And Modification Of Physical Appearance In Poor Class Adolescents [apreciação Corporal E Modificação Da Aparência Física Em Estudantes Adolescentes De Baixo Poder Aquisitivo]

In his work we aim at identifying techniques and behaviors used by poor adolescences to change their appearance. We developed an exploratory and transversal study by using structured questionnaires. The sample was composed by 287 high school students, from both periods (day and night) of a school located in a region of low socio-economic status. Results indicate a tendency to body satisfaction and to the practice of regular physical activity as the most frequent way of taking care of the body among boys. However, concerning to the girls, diets are most common technique to change their appearance. A significant difference regarding the body satisfaction and employability was found among those who study and work. We did not find any association regarding the structure of the family. The results indicate that the students in our study do not want to compromise their health in order achieve a "perfect body".162275282Adams, G., Truner, H., Bucks, R., The experience of body dissatisfaction in men (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 271-283Anderson, C.B., Bulik, C.M., Gender differences in compensatory behaviors, weight and shape salience, and drive for thinness (2004) Eating Behaviors, 5, pp. 1-11Avalos, L., Tylka, T., Wood-Barcalow, L.N., The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 285-297Braga, P.D., Molina, M.C.B., Figueiredo, T.A.M., Representações do corpo: com a palavra urn grupo de adolescentes de classes populares (2010) Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 15, pp. 87-95Boltanski, L., (2004) As classes sociais e o corpo, , Rio de Janeiro: GraalCatusso, R.L., Campana, A.N.N.B., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., A Resiliência e a Imagem Corporal de Adolescentes e Adultos com Mielomeningocele (2010) HuRevista, 36, pp. 37-45Corbin, A., Courtine, J., Vigarello, G., (2008) História do corpo, , Petropolis, RJ: VozesCyrulnik, B., (2004) Os patinhos feios, , São Paulo: Martins fontesD'Andrea, F.F., (2003) Desenvolvimento da personalidade, , Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand BrasilEco, H., (2007) A história de feiura, , São Paulo: RecordEnderle, C., (1998) Psicologia da Adolescência, , Porto Alegre:Artes MédicasGrogan, S., (1999) Body Image: understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children, , Nova lorque: RoutledgeHuenemann, R.L., Shapiro, L.R., Hampton, M.C., Mitchell, B.W., A longitudinal study of gross body composition and body conformation and their association with food and activity in a teenage population (1996) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18, pp. 325-338Jackson, L.A., Physical attractiveness: a sociocultural perspective (2004) Body Image - a handbook of theory, research e clinical practice, pp. 13-21. , Em T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky Nova lorque: The Guilford PressMauss, M., As técnicas corporais. Sociologia e antropologia (1974) São Paulo: EPU/EDUSPMcCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., An Exploration of the Drive for Muscularity in adolescent Boys and Girls (2000) Journal of American College Health, 48, pp. 297-304McCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., Saucier, D.M., Dorsch, K.D., Measuring the Drive for Muscularity: Factorial Validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in Men and Women (2004) Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, pp. 49-58Meyers, T.A., Crowther, J.H., Social comparison as a predictor of body dissatisfaction: a meta-analytic review (2009) Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, pp. 683-698Miranda, V.P.N., Conti, M.A., Bastos, R., Ferreira, M.E.C., Insatisfação corporal em adolescentes brasileiros de municípios de pequeno porte de Minas Gerais (2011) Jornal Brasileiro dePsiquiatria, 60, pp. 190-197Moore, S., Chapman, S., Aiken, D., (2002) Sociology for AS level, , Glasgow: Collins EducationalMorrison, T.G., Morrison, M.A., McCann, L., Striving for bodily perfection? An overview of the drive for muscularity (2006) Body Image: new research, pp. 1-34. , Em M. V. Kindes Nova lorque: Nova science PublicationOlivardia, R., Body Image and Muscularity. Em T. F Cash & T. Pruzinsky Nova lorque: Guilford Press (2004) Body Image: a handbook of theory, research & clinical practice, pp. 210-218Pastore, D.R., Fisher, M., Friedman, S.B., Abnormalities in weight status, eating attitudes, and eating behaviors among urban high school students: correlations with self-esteem and anxiety (1996) Journal of Adolescence Health, 18, pp. 312-319Paxton, S.J., Einsenberg, M.E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescents boys and girls: a five year longitudinal study (2006) Developmental Psychology, 42, pp. 888-899Pereira, E.F., Graup, S., Lopes, A.S., Borgatto, A.F., Daronco, L.S.E., Percepção da imagem corporal de crianças e adolescentes com diferentes níveis socio-econômicos na cidade de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (2009) Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 9, pp. 253-262Pope, H.G., Phillips, K.A., Olivardia, R., (2000) The Adonis Complex, , Nova lorque: The Free PressPope, C.G., Pope, H.G., Fay, C., Menard, W., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 395-400Ricciardelli, L.A., McCabe, M.P., Body Image development in adolescent boys (2011) Body Image: a handbook of science, practice and prevention, pp. 85-92. , Em T. F. Cash & L. Smolak Nova lorque: Guilford PressRidegway, R.T., Tylka, T.L., College Men's Perceptions of Ideal Body Composition and Shape (2005) Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, pp. 209-220Rosen, J.C., Orosan, P., Reiter, J., Cognitive behavior Therapy form negative Body Image in Obese Women (1995) Behavior Therapy, 26, pp. 25-42Schwartz, J.P., Tylka, T.L., Exploring entitlement as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and men's body esteem (2008) Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 9, pp. 67-81Striegel-Moore, R.H., Franko, D.L., Body Image issues among girls and women (1990) Body Images: development, deviance and change, pp. 183-191. , Em T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky Nova lorque: The Guilford PressTavares, M.C.G.C.F.T., (2003) Imagem corporal: conceito e desenvolvimento, , Barueri, SP: ManoleTeles, M.L.S., (2001) Psicodinâmica do Desenvolvimento Humano: Uma Introdučão á Psicologia da Educação, , Petrópolis, RJ: VozesTiggermann, M., Media Influences on Body Image Development (2004) Body Image: a handbook of theory, research, e clinical practice, pp. 91-98. , Em T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky Nova lorque: The Guilford PressThomas, L., Sanandaraj, H.S., A factor analytical study on the antecedents of self-esteem (1985) Psychological Studies, 30, pp. 97-101Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L., Altabe, M., Tantleff-Dunn, S., (1998) Exacting beauty: theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance, , Washington: APAThomsen, S.R., Weber, M.M., Brown, L.B., The relationship between beauty and fashion magazines and the use of pathogenic dieting methods among adolescent females (2002) Adolescence, 145, pp. 1-18Vigarello, G., (2005) A história da Beleza, , Rio de Janeiro: EdiouroWheetheim, E.H., Paxton, S.J., Body Image development in adolescent girls (2011) Body Image: a handbook of science, practice and prevention, pp. 76-84. , Em T. F. Cash & L. Smolak Nova lorque: Guilford Pres

Drive For Muscularity: An Exploratory Study In The Brazilian Army [drive For Muscularity: Um Estudo Exploratório No Exército Brasileiro]

Drive for muscularity refers to the desire to achieve an ideal muscular body, as well the degree of concern about increasing muscle mass. The aim of this research was to investigate drive for muscularity traits in men from the Brazilian army. Data from a non-probabilistic sample of 652 men were analyzed. Results showed associations among drive for muscularity variables and habits of physical exercise practice, life and body satisfaction, and social physique anxiety. Differences in drive for muscularity traits were also found accordingly with the romantic status, financial security and time career in the army. It was concluded that monitoring the drive for muscularity during military education should be part of the psychosocial care routines.302213222Bahrke, M.S., Muscle enhancing substances and strategies (2007) The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical perspectives, pp. 141-160. , J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), Washington, DC: APACampana, A.N.B.C., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Silva, D., Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Social Physique Anxiety Scale, para a Língua Portuguesa no Brasil (2011) Actas do 7o Congresso Iberoamericano da Avaliação Psicológica, , julho, Lisboa, PortugalCampana, A.N.B.C., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Swami, V., Silva, D., An examination of the psychometric properties of Brazilian Portuguese translations of the drive for muscularity scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale (2013) Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14, pp. 376-388Carlton, J.R., Manos, G.H., Van Slyke, J.A., Anxiety and abnormal eating behavior associated with cyclical readiness testing in a naval hospital active duty population (2005) Military Medicine, 170, pp. 663-667Edwards, S., Launder, C., Investigating muscularity concerns in male body image: Development of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (2000) International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, pp. 120-124(2002) Manual de Campanha C 20-20 - Treinamento Físico Militar, , Estado-Maior do Exército (EME), 3a Ed). Brasília: Exército Brasileiro(2008) Diretriz para o Treinamento Físico Militar do Exército e sua Avaliação, , Estado-Maior do Exército (EME), Brasília: Exército BrasileiroGiles, D.C., Close, J., Exposure to 'lad magazines' and drive for muscularity in dating and non-dating young men (2008) Personality and Individual Differences, 44, pp. 1610-1616Ginis, K.A.M., Eng, J.J., Arbour, K.P., Hartman, J.W., Phillips, S.M., Mind over muscle? Sex differences in the relationship between body image change and subjective and objective physical changes following a 12-week strengthtraining program (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 363-372Goldenberg, M., (2002) Nu & vestido, , Rio de Janeiro: RecordGraetz, B., Health consequences of employment and unemployment: Longitudinal evidence for young men and women (1993) Social Science & Medicine, 36, pp. 715-724Gunderson, E.K.E., Body size, self-evaluation, and military effectiveness (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, pp. 902-906Hair Jr, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.B., (2009) Multivariate data analysis, , Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallHart, E., Leary, M.R., Rejesky, W.J., The measurement of social physique anxiety (1989) Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, pp. 94-104Jones, L., The health consequences of economic recessions (1991) Journal of Health & Social Policy, 3, pp. 1-14Kimmel, S.B., Mahalik, J.R., Measuring masculine body ideal distress: Development of a measure (2004) International Journal of Men's Health, 3, pp. 1-10Leung, A.S.M., Cheung, Y.A., Liu, X., The relations between life domain satisfaction and subjective well-being (2011) Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, pp. 155-169Luciano, L., (2001) Looking good: Male body image in modern America, , New York: Hill and WangMalhotra, N.K., (1999) Marketing research: An applied orientation, , New Jersey: Prentice HallMagnani, R., (1999) Sampling guide. IMPACT Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Project, , Arlington: International Science and Technology InstituteMcCreary, D.R., Body image and muscularity (2011) Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention, pp. 198-205. , T. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), New York: GuilfordMcCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls (2000) Journal of American College Health, 48, pp. 297-304McCreary, D.R., Sasse, D.K., Saucier, D.M., Dorsch, K.D., Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women (2004) Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5, pp. 49-58McCreary, D.R., Saucier, D.M., Drive for muscularity, body comparison, and social physique anxiety in men and women (2009) Body Image, 6, pp. 24-30McNulty, P.A., Prevalence and contributing factors of eating disorder behaviors in active duty Navy men (1997) Military Medicine, 162, pp. 753-758(2010) Módulo didático para execução e avaliação do treinamento físico militar para o curso de formação de oficiais da escola de formação de oficiais do Exército, , Ministério da Defesa, Rio de Janeiro: Exército BrasileiroMorgado, J.J.M., (2012) Imagem corporal de homens militares, , (Unpublished master's thesis), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MGMorrison, T.G., Morrison, M.A., Mc Cann, L., Striving for bodily perfection? An overview of the drive for muscularity (2006) Body image: New research, pp. 1-34. , M. Kindes (Ed.), Columbus, NY: Nova ScienceNeves, E.B., Mello, M.G.S., O risco da profissão militar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em "tempo de paz": a percepção da tropa (2009) Ciência e Saúde Coletiva, 14, pp. 1669-1707Nowell, C., Ricciardelli, L.A., Appearance-based comments, body dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in males (2008) Body Image, 5, pp. 337-345Olivardia, R., Muscle dysmorphia: Characteristics, assessment, and treatment (2007) The muscular ideal: Psychological, social and medical perspectives, pp. 123-140. , K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), Washington: APAPope, H.G., Phillips, K.A., Olivardia, R., (2000) The adonis complex, , New York: Free PressPope, H.G., Gruber, A.J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Muscle dysmorphia: an unrecognized form of body dismorphic disorder (1997) Psychosomatics, 38, pp. 548-557Pope, C.G., Pope, H.G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K.A., Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder (2005) Body Image, 2, pp. 395-400Proyer, R.T., Annen, H., Eggimann, N., Schneider, A., Ruch, W., Assessing the "good life" in a military context: How does life and work satisfaction relate to orientations to happiness and career success among Swiss professional officers? (2012) Social Indicators Research, 106, pp. 577-590Ricciardelli, L.A., McCabe, M.P., A biopsychosocial model of disordered eating and the pursuit of muscularity in adolescent boys (2004) Psychological Bulletin, 130, pp. 179-205Sabino, C., Musculação: expansão e manutenção da masculinidade (2000) Os novos desejos: das academias de musculação às agências de encontros, pp. 61-104. , M. Goldenberg (Ed.), Rio de Janeiro: RecordSmith, A.R., Li, N., Joiner, T.E., The pursuit of success: Can status aspirations negatively affect body satisfaction? (2011) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, pp. 531-547Swami, V., Kannan, K., Furnham, A., Positive body image: Inter-ethnic and rural-urban differences among an indigenous sample from Malaysian Borneo (2012) International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58, pp. 568-576Warr, P., (1987) Work, unemployment, and mental health, , New York: Oxford University Pres

The Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale: initial examination of its factor structure and correlates among Brazilian adults

The present study conducted a preliminary examination of the psychometric properties of a recently developed Portuguese translation of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS; Henderson-King & Henderson-King, 2005). A total of 311 Brazilian adults completed the ACSS along with Portuguese translations of measures of actual–ideal body weight discrepancy, body appreciation, sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, and demographics. Results showed that the Portuguese ACSS reduced to a three-factor solution consisting of the Intrapersonal, Social, and Consider factors uncovered in the original work using the ACSS. Moreover, there were only small sex differences on these subscales. In addition, the Portuguese ACSS showed a good pattern of convergent validity. The availability of the Portuguese ACSS is expected to stimulate more in-depth, quantitative research on attitudes toward cosmetic surgery within the Brazilian context

How Persons With Congenital Blindness Perceive Facilitators And Barriers For The Practice Of Physical Activities [facilitadores E Barreiras Percebidos Por Pessoas Com Cegueira Congênita Para A Prática De Atividade Física]

The physical activity is an important element for a healthy lifestyle. However, among people with visual impairments, this practice is reduced, which makes this group as being at risk for developing diseases associated with physical inactivity. This study aims to investigate facilitators and barriers perceived by persons with congenital blindness to physical activity. Two focus groups were conducted with eleven subjects with congenital blindness, six female and five male, age mean 34 years (+7 years). The results showed two broad categories: "main facilitators to physical activity" and "main barriers to physical activity". The facilitators (family, specialist Physical Education teachers, adapted materials, and recognition of the benefits) and barriers (family, unprepared Physical Education teachers, limited infrastructure in physical activity centers, feelings of exclusion in Physical Education classes, difficulty in spatial ability and motor coordination) reported by participants were complex and multifaceted, with social, environmental and personal origins. Considering the benefits of physical activity, it is essential that professionals adapt strategies for inclusion and appropriate participation of the congenitally blind, enabling them to explore different possibilities of movement and relationship to the world, which may act positively on the biological, psychological and social development.193379394Adelson, E., Fraiberg, S., Gross Motor Development in Infants Blind from Birth (1974) Child Development., 45, pp. 114-126. , MaldenArditi, A., Holtzman, J.D., Kosslyn, S.M., Mental Imagery and Sensory Experience in Congenital Blindness (1988) Neuropsychologia, 26, pp. 1-12. , DallasArdito, M., Roberts, J.J., A Catalog of Physical Activities for Visually Impaired Youth (2007) Electronic Projects Collection, pp. 8-65. , WorcesterBardin, L., (1977) Análise de conteúdo, p. 70. , Trad. Luís Antero Reto e Augusto Pinheiro. Lisboa: EdiçõesBatista, C.G., Formação de conceitos em crianças cegas: Questões teóricas e implicações educacionais (2005) Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 21 (1), pp. 7-15. , BrasíliaBigelow, A.E., Blind and sighted children's spatial knowledge of their home Environments (1996) International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19 (4), pp. 797-816. , AmsterdamBigelow, A., Spatial mapping of familiar locations in blind children (1991) Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 85 (3), pp. 113-117. , New YorkBrambring, M., Divergent development of gross motor skills in children who are blind or sighted (2006) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100 (10), pp. 620-634. , New YorkÇolak, T., Physical fitness level of blind and visually impaired goalball team players (2004) Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 12, pp. 247-252. , LansdaleDe Potter, J.C., The contribution of sport and physical activity to the-well-being of visually impaired people (2006) Science & Sports, 21, pp. 249-250. , ParisFiehler, K., Reuschel, J., Rösler, F., Early non-visual experience influences proprioceptivespatial discrimination acuity in adulthood (2009) Neuropsychologia, 47, pp. 897-906. , DallasHolbrook, E.A., Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Perceived Quality of Life of Adults with Visual Impairments (2009) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 103 (1), pp. 17-29. , New YorkJanssen, I., Leblanc, A.G., Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth (2010) International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7 (40), pp. 1-16. , LondonKakiyama, T., Koda, Y., Matsuda, M., Effects of physical inactivity on aortic distensibility in visually impaired young men (1999) European Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, pp. 205-211. , HeidelbergKobberling, G.L., Jankowski, W., Leger, L., Energy cost of locomotion in blind adolescents (1989) Adapted Phyisical Activity Quarterly, 6, pp. 58-67. , ChampaignKozub, F.M., Oh, H., An exploratory study of physical activity levels in children and adolescents with visual impairments (2004) Clinical Kinesiology, 58 (3), pp. 1-7. , MonmouthLambert, R., West, M., Parenting styles and the depressive syndrome in congenitally blind individuals (1980) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 74 (9), pp. 333-337. , New YorkLopes, M.C.B., Kitadai, S.P.S., Okai, L.A., Avaliação e tratamento fisioterapêutico das alterações motoras presentes em crianças deficientes visuais (2004) Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, 63 (3), pp. 155-161. , Rio de JaneiroMorgado, F.F.R., Campana, A.N.N.B., Tavares, M.C.G.C.F., Aplicabilidade do grupo focal com pessoas cegas (2012) Benjamin Constant, 17 (52), pp. 5-13. , Rio de JaneiroMorrongiello, B.A., Spatial knowledge in blind and sighted children (1995) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59 (2), pp. 211-233. , Boca RatonMurphy, F.M., O'driscoll, M., Observations on the motor development of visually impaired children: Interpretations from video recordings (1989) Physiotherapy, 75 (9), pp. 505-508. , OxfordNoordzij, M.L., Zuidhoek, S., Postma, A., The influence of visual experience on visual and spatial imagery (2007) Perception, 36, pp. 101-112. , LondonOchaita, E., Rosa, A., Percepção, ação e conhecimento nas crianças cegas (1995) Desenvolvimento psicológico e educação, , In: COLL, C.PALACIOS, J.MARCHESI, A. (Orgs.). Porto Alegre: Artes MédicasPenedo, F.J., Dahn, J.R., Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity (2005) Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18 (2), pp. 189-193. , PittsburghPlaninsec, J., Pisot, R., Motor coordination and intelligence level in adolescents (2006) Adolescence, 41 (164), pp. 667-676. , San DiegoPonchillia, S.V., The effectiveness of aerobic exercise instruction for totally (1992) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 86 (4), pp. 174-177. , New YorkRimmer, J., Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators (2004) American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26 (5), pp. 419-425. , San DiegoRimmer, J.H., Accessibility of health clubs for people with mobility disabilities and visual impairments (2005) American Journal of Public Health, 95 (11). , WashingtonSantin, S., Simmons, J.N., Problems in the construction of reality in congenitally blind children (1977) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 71 (10), pp. 425-429. , New YorkSeabra Jr., M.O., Manzini, E.J., (2008) Recursos e estratégias para o ensino do aluno com deficiência visual na atividade física adaptada, , Marília: ABPEESilva, A.J., Duarte, E., Almeida, J.J.G., Campeonato escolar e deficiência visual: O discurso dos professores de educação física (2011) Movimento, 17 (2), pp. 37-55. , Rio Grande do SulSödergren, M., Physical activity, exercise and self-rated health: A population-based study from Sweden (2008) BMC Public Health, 8 (352), pp. 1-9. , LondonSoler, R., (2005) Educação física inclusiva na escola em busca de uma escola plural, , Rio de Janeiro: SprintStuart, M.E., Lieberman, L., Hand, K.E., Beliefs About Physical Activity Among Children Who Are Visually Impaired and Their Parents (2006) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100 (4), pp. 223-234. , New YorkThinus-Blanc, C., Gaunet, F., Representation of space in blind persons: Vision as a spatial sense? (1997) Psychological Bulletin, 121 (1), pp. 20-42. , BerkeleyUngar, S., Blades, M., Spencer, C., The construction of cognitive maps by children with visual impairments (1996) The Consruction of Cognitive Maps, , In: PORTUGALI, J. (Ed.). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic PublishersVecchi, T., Visuo-spatial imagery in congenitally totally blind people (1998) Memory, 6 (1), pp. 91-102. , LondonWinnick, J.P., Performance of visually impaired youngsters in physical education activities: Implications for mainstreaming (1985) Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 3, pp. 58-66. , Champaig