Les formations en traduction et interprétation : Perspectives en Europe de l’Ouest

Les formations en traduction et interprétation : Perspectives en Europe de l'Ouest — Cet article propose une analyse globale des programmes de formation et interprétation dans les pays d'Europe de l'Ouest. L'analyse s'effectue autour de trois axes 1) le statut de ces formations dans le cadre institutionnel de l'enseignement supérieur des différents pays; 2) le profil des formations (courtes, moyennes, longues); 3) le rapport des disciplines de la traduction et de l'interprétation au sein de ces formations. Cette analyse a été faite sur la base d'un recensement de 136 institutions dans dix-sept pays au cours de l'année 1994.Translators' and Interpreters' Training: Perspectives in Western Europe - West-European programmes for the training of translators and interpreters are analysed on three levels: 1) the status of these programmes within higher education institutions in the various countries, 2) their nature and duration (short, medium, long), and 3) their interdisciplinary make-up with respect to translation and/or interpretation. The corpus for the study, compiled in 1994, comprises 136 institutions in seventeen countries

PPH dendrimers grafted on silica nanoparticles: surface chemistry, characterization, silver colloids hosting and antibacterial activity

Polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrimers have been grafted on silica nanoparticles, and the surface functions of the dendrimers have been derivatized to phosphonates with lateral poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) chains. All materials have been thoroughly characterized by MAS NMR, FT-IR, electron microscopy, TGA and elemental analysis. These materials successfully hosted silver and silver oxide nanoparticles. The resulting composites exhibit antibacterial activity

Mapping the impacts of climate change on vector-borne diseases : application to Orbiviruses

Climate impacts vector-borne disease transmission through a complex interplay of influences on all the actors involved: the vector, the host and the pathogen. Climate change can lead to shifts in disease distribution, exposing naive host populations and potentially leading to sanitary crisis. Assessing the effects of climate change on diseases is necessary in order to better prepare and mitigate such impacts. The basic reproduction ratio (R0) measures the number of secondary cases arising from the introduction of one infected host in a susceptible population. It reflects the risk of transmission if the pathogen is introduced. Some of its parameters such as the vector biting rate, the vector mortality rate, the extrinsic incubation period and, the vector to host ratio exhibit a strong climatic dependence. Linking these parameters with climate observations or simulations allows mapping of past and future R0. We illustrate this approach by applying it to two diseases caused by Orbiviruses transmitted by Culicoides biting midges: bluetongue and African horse sickness. We map R0 anomalies for Europe for past (1961 to 2010) and future (2011 to 2050) periods and assess the uncertainty of the results presented. This approach also enables a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in transmission risk increase or decrease. We discuss (i) the conditions necessary to apply this approach to other diseases, (ii) its strengths and limits, and (iii) propose entomological, epidemiological and climatic studies to further improve the approach. (Texte intégral

A dynamic, climate-driven model of Rift Valley fever

Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in eastern Africa have previously occurred following specific rainfall dynamics and flooding events that appear to support the emergence of large numbers of mosquito vectors. As such, transmission of the virus is considered to be sensitive to environmental conditions and therefore changes in climate can impact the spatiotemporal dynamics of epizootic vulnerability. Epidemiological information describing the methods and parameters of RVF transmission and its dependence on climatic factors are used to develop a new spatio-temporal mathematical model that simulates these dynamics and can predict the impact of changes in climate. The Liverpool RVF (LRVF) model is a new dynamic, process-based model driven by climate data that provides a predictive output of geographical changes in RVF outbreak susceptibility as a result of the climate and local livestock immunity. This description of the multi-disciplinary process of model development is accessible to mathematicians, epidemiological modellers and climate scientists, uniting dynamic mathematical modelling, empirical parameterisation and state-of-the-art climate information

Climate Change Contribution to the Emergence or Re-Emergence of Parasitic Diseases.

The connection between our environment and parasitic diseases may not always be straightforward, but it exists nonetheless. This article highlights how climate as a component of our environment, or more specifically climate change, has the capability to drive parasitic disease incidence and prevalence worldwide. There are both direct and indirect implications of climate change on the scope and distribution of parasitic organisms and their associated vectors and host species. We aim to encompass a large body of literature to demonstrate how a changing climate will perpetuate, or perhaps exacerbate, public health issues and economic stagnation due to parasitic diseases. The diseases examined include those caused by ingested protozoa and soil helminths, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, babesiosis, schistosomiasis, and echinococcus, as well as parasites affecting livestock. It is our goal to impress on the scientific community the magnitude a changing climate can have on public health in relation to parasitic disease burden. Once impending climate changes are now upon us, and as we see these events unfold, it is critical to create management plans that will protect the health and quality of life of the people living in the communities that will be significantly affected

Dielectric study of local relaxations in dendritic macromolecules

The aim of this work is to characterize the dielectric properties of amorphous dendritic macromolecules as a function of architectural complexity. By combining thermostimulated currents and dynamic dielectric spectroscopy, the dielectric permittivity has been obtained as a function of temperature, in a very broad frequency range (10−4–106 Hz). Generations g = 0 to g = 2 were investigated. The molecular origin of the quasi-Debye mode observed for g = 0 at low temperature is common to all generations: localized reorientations of aldehyde end groups. The interactions with the phosphorus/sulfur (P = S) dipoles are probably responsible for the broadening pointed out in upper generations

Genomics of sexual isolation and reinforcement in a secondary hybrid zone between two subspecies of the house mouse

Understanding how reproductive isolation evolves in the context of gene flow is a long-standing riddle of evolutionary biology. Coupling among different barrier traits and loci is expected to be instrumental in generating genome-wide differentiation and strong reproductive isolation. Theory predicts that selection can favour coupling and the further evolution of barrier effects (reinforcement) in the presence of gene flow, but that the genetic architectures of barrier traits will also play a key role. Here, we address the evolution of assortative mating, a key step towards the completion of speciation, and the factors promoting its evolution in a secondary hybrid zone. ln the two European subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus, earlier studies have demonstrated olfactory-based assortative mate preference in populations at the edges of their hybrid zone. lt has been suggested that this behaviour evolved fallawing the recent secondary contact between the two taxa (-3,000 years aga) in response ta selectian against hybridisatian. By cambining transcriptame and whale-gename re-sequencing approaches, we investigate the genomic bases of sexual isolation by assessing expression, sequence and structural divergence among choosy and non-choosy populations. Our results provide new insights on how selection and favorable genomic architectures may have pramoted the evalution and reinforcement of sexual isolation in this hybrid zone

Original Multivalent Gold (III) and Dual Gold(III)-Copper(II) Conjugated Phosphorus Dendrimers as Potent Antitumoral and Antimicrobial Agents

Abstract Original metallophosphorus dendrimers (generation 3, 48 terminal groups) have been prepared via the complexation of phosphorus dendrimers bearing imino-pyridino end groups with Au(III) or with both Au(III) and Cu(II). The complexation of the dendrimer with Au(III), leading to 1G3-[Au48][AuCl4]48, strongly increased the antiproliferative activities against both KB and HL-60 tumoral cell lines, showing IC50s in the low nanomolar range. It can be noticed also that this gold conjugated phosphorus dendrimer displayed low activity on the quiescent cell line EPC versus its potent antiproliferative activity against actively dividing cells. In order to evaluate the potential synergistic effect between Au(III) and Cu(II) and the influence of the number of Au(III) moieties on the surface of dendrimer against the proliferative activities, nine other original dendrimers with several surface modifications have been prepared. Whatever the number of Au(III) moieties introduced on the surface of dendrimers, all the dendrimers prepared displayed similar potency (nanomolar range) to 1G3-[Au48][AuCl4]48 against KB and HL60. In marked contrast synergistic effects on the antimicrobial activity of some of these phosphorus dendrimers are observed when both Au(III) and Cu(II) are present on the dendritic structure