Industrial Growth and the Subsistence Economy

A RJE conference paper on industrial growth and rural development of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Paper presented at the Symposium for Industry In Rhodesia, June 11 & 12th, 1969.It goes without saying that, in any country, advance in one sector of the national economy will benefit the nation as a whole and may well have profound effects upon other sectors, and the purpose in presenting this paper is to examine the inter-relation of the subsistence or traditional sector and industrial growth in Rhodesia. At the outset, it is important to look at the present position in the traditional sector and consider the developmental possibilities that may exist, taking due account of the many difficulties that, doubtless, will be encountered in attempts to change the economic tempo and, thereby, the very lives of three-quarters of the total Rhodesian African population, who live in what is known as Tribal Trust Land, covering an area of some 40 million acres. The economy of our traditional sector is a rural one, families relying for their subsistence primarily on simple cultivation of the soil or on animal husbandry. In some cases, the income thus derived is supplemented by remittances from adult male members of the family who have found employment in the modern sector, but it will be appreciated that the modern sector cannot absorb more than a small fraction of the expanding population of the traditional sector and, obviously, this limits the extent to which incomes of families can be supplemented by such remittances

Education for Participation

A conference paper on the need for participation of the black mnajority Africans in the economy of minority white ruled Rhodesia , via educational advancement, during the middle 1970's.The title that has been chosen for this Symposium, “African Participation in the Rhodesian economy”, is certainly topical. All of us are well aware, of course, that Africans do, in fact, play a major part in our economic life. In 1973, there were almost 900 000 of them in employment, earning nearly $320 million; buying power that stimulated economic activity very considerably. In some respects, the Rhodesia of today resembles the United States of America of something over a century ago. Like the United States of that time, we, today, have the majority of our people subsisting in the rural areas, while the industrial base of our economy is still relatively small

Supporting arts and science communities on-line

This paper examines the use of the Web to support continuing professional development (CPD). It outlines the factors driving the adoption of CPD and highlights areas where the Web can aid in the development of successful professional communities. A survey examining the use of the Internet to support professionals working in the domains of the Arts and Science is presented. The study reviews twenty four sites for the presence and degree of adoption of several key features including: - community building, range and value of content, user friendliness and guidance, sophistication of employed Web technology

Studies with a range of grass cultivars in small plots at Biloela, Central Queensland

Over a period of 5 years Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi and cv. Burnett yielded well in midsummer each year but made little growth over winter, though they remained green. Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Molopo had the best winter growth and highest quality standover feed in one experiment. In old stands, however, its frost tolerance was poor. It is suggested that this may have been due to low mineralization of soil nitrogen. In all but the establishment season the buffel grasses gave higher dry-matter yields than the P. maximum cultivars, Petrie and Gatton. Quality of the buffels in terms of both nitrogen and phosphorus was, however, poorer. Chloris gayana cv. Callide and Petrie and Gatton panics were much better utilized than C. gayana cv. Pioneer, while utilization of the buffel cultivars Molopo and Biloela was intermediate. P. coloratum cv. Bambatsi and cv. Burnett were unaffected by partial flooding. This flooding severely affected most of the buffel grasses and to a lesser extent Petrie and Gatton panics. Bambatsi and Burnett panics and Digitaria smutsii were slow to establish

Effect of incorporated plant materials on germination, persistence and growth of Ladino white clover seedlings in pots

In a pot experiment the incorporation of the equivalent of 15·5 tonnes/ha of finely milled oven-dry aerial portions of three grass species in the top 2·5 cm of soil resulted in a number of distinct effects on the germination, persistence and subsequent growth of Ladino white clover (Trifolium repens) seedlings. The three species, Paspalum dilatatum, Bromus unioloides and Ronpha grass (Phalaris sp.), caused differing reductions in the speed of emergence, total emergence and persistence of emerged seedlings compared with no incorporated plant material. The seedlings which did persist showed eventual stimulation of growth which become apparent at differing times depending on the material incorporated

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and limited irrigation on seed production of Molopo buffel grass

N as commercial urea was applied with and without limited irrigation to a stand of buffel grass cv. Molopo during its 3rd season in 1965. In the absence of applied N, seed set was neglig1ble. There was a continuing response to N up to the highest rate, 300 1b N/ac applied in early spring and a further 300 1b in midsummer. This treatment yielded 449 1b seed/ac for the season. 4 separate harvest periods were recorded, but in the absence of further applications of N after the 2nd harvest, little further seed was obtained. A depression in total seed yield resulted from early-season irrigation. Seed quality was not affected by N fertilization.-F.A.S

Effect of Hunter River lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) on grasses in rain-grown pastures

In an infrequently grazed field experiment at Biloela, in sub-coastal Queensland, six grasses are being observed in simple combinations with good stands of Hunter River lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) or poor stands of siratro (Phaseolus atropurpureus DC.). Results are presented for a period commencing 18 months after planting. Where the grasses were associated with lucerne, mean yield of the six grasses was increased at all but one of seven harvests over more than 2 years, the increases ranging from 36 to 74 %. Increases due to the presence of lucerne were also recorded in the total dry matter of the pasture. Nitrogen content of the grasses was improved. There was a significant increase in the yield of seed material by two buff el grass cultivars at one harvest. The possible effect of above-average winter to early summer rains in two of the three seasons is discussed

The preservation of some East African freshwater fish

Quality changes during storage were investigated for several commercially important East African freshwater fish. Lates, Bagrus, Protopterus, Tilapia esculenta and T. nilotica were examined during storage in ice and at ambient temperature (250•C). After 24 hours at ambient temperature Lates and Bagrus were completely spoilt but Protopterus was still edible. In iced storage most fish were acceptable for at least 20 days. Organoleptic examination showed that T. nilotica was acceptable after 22 days storage in ice and that gutting was only marginally beneficial. Changes in physical appearance, which could form the basis of a fish inspection system, were recorded during storage. Possible chemical quality control indices were also investigated. It was found that total volatile bases and hypoxanthine are unlikely to be useful quality indices for the species studied with the possible exception of Lates. The bacterial counts of the flesh and skin of T. esculenta and T. niloticus were found to be low (a maximum of 10 organisms per sq cm of skin or per g of flesh) after 22 days storage in ice

Synthesis of satellite (MODIS), aircraft (ICARTT), and surface (IMPROVE, EPA-AQS, AERONET) aerosol observations over eastern North America to improve MODIS aerosol retrievals and constrain surface aerosol concentrations and sources

We use an ensemble of satellite (MODIS), aircraft, and ground-based aerosol observations during the ICARTT field campaign over eastern North America in summer 2004 to (1) examine the consistency between different aerosol measurements, (2) evaluate a new retrieval of aerosol optical depths (AODs) and inferred surface aerosol concentrations (PM2.5) from the MODIS satellite instrument, and (3) apply this collective information to improve our understanding of aerosol sources. The GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model (CTM) provides a transfer platform between the different data sets, allowing us to evaluate the consistency between different aerosol parameters observed at different times and locations. We use an improved MODIS AOD retrieval based on locally derived visible surface reflectances and aerosol properties calculated from GEOS-Chem. Use of GEOS-Chem aerosol optical properties in the MODIS retrieval not only results in an improved AOD product but also allows quantitative evaluation of model aerosol mass from the comparison of simulated and observed AODs. The aircraft measurements show narrower aerosol size distributions than those usually assumed in models, and this has important implications for AOD retrievals. Our MODIS AOD retrieval compares well to the ground-based AERONET data (R = 0.84, slope = 1.02), significantly improving on the MODIS c005 operational product. Inference of surface PM2.5 from our MODIS AOD retrieval shows good correlation to the EPA-AQS data (R = 0.78) but a high regression slope (slope = 1.48). The high slope is seen in all AOD-inferred PM2.5 concentrations (AERONET: slope = 2.04; MODIS c005: slope = 1.51) and could reflect a clear-sky bias in the AOD observations. The ensemble of MODIS, aircraft, and surface data are consistent in pointing to a model overestimate of sulfate in the mid-Atlantic and an underestimate of organic and dust aerosol in the southeastern United States. The sulfate overestimate could reflect an excessive contribution from aqueous-phase production in clouds, while the organic carbon underestimate could possibly be resolved by a new secondary pathway involving dicarbonyls

Ariel - Volume 4 Number 7

Editors David Jacoby Eugenia Miller Tom Williams Associate Editors Paul Bialas Terry Burt Michael Leo Gail Tenikat Editor Emeritus and Business Manager Richard J. Bonnano Movie Editor Robert Breckenridge Staff Richard Blutstein Mary F. Buechler J.D. Kanofsky David Mayer Rocket Webe