Kedudukan Anak Akibat Batalnya Perkawinan Karena Hubungan Darah Menurut Hukum Positif

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan hukum tentang Pembatalan Perkawinan karena hubungan darah menurut Hukum Positif Di Indonesia dan bagaimana kedudukan hukum anak yang lahir setelah pembatalan perkawinan menurut Hukum Positif di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka dapat disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan hukum mengenai pembatalan perkawinan di Indonesia masih beragam walaupun Undang-Undang perkawinan yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 seringkali disebut unifikasi hukum perkawinan. Pembatalan perkawinan merupakan putusnya perkawinan disebabkan persyaratan perkawinan yang diatur dalam undang-undang dan larangan perkawinan tidak dipenuhi. 2. Status hukum anak yang lahir dalam perkawinan yang telah batal pada dasarnya merupakan anak yang sah sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dalam Pasal 28. Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 Tentang Pengujian pasal 2 ayat 2 dan pasal 43 ayat 1 Undang-Undang Perkawinan yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 yang menyatakan bahwa pasal 43 ayat Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 melanggar Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia pasal 28 B ayat 1 dan 2 dan pasal 28 D ayat 1

C-reactive protein and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide as biomarkers in acute exacerbations of COPD leading to hospitalizations

<div><p>There are currently no accepted and validated blood tests available for diagnosing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). In this study, we sought to determine the discriminatory power of blood C-reactive protein (CRP) and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the diagnosis of AECOPD requiring hospitalizations. The study cohort consisted of 468 patients recruited in the COPD Rapid Transition Program who were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AECOPD, and 110 stable COPD patients who served as controls. Logistic regression was used to build a classification model to separate AECOPD from convalescent or stable COPD patients. Performance was assessed using an independent validation set of patients who were not included in the discovery set. Serum CRP and whole blood NT-proBNP concentrations were highest at the time of hospitalization and progressively decreased over time. Of the 3 classification models, the one with both CRP and NT-proBNP had the highest AUC in discriminating AECOPD (cross-validated AUC of 0.80). These data were replicated in a validation cohort with an AUC of 0.88. A combination of CRP and NT-proBNP can reasonably discriminate AECOPD requiring hospitalization versus clinical stability and can be used to rapidly diagnose patients requiring hospitalization for AECOPD.</p></div

CRP and NT-proBNP time course box-plots.

<p><b>A)</b> CRP concentrations of the discovery set at five time-points for AECOPD patients and as well as stable COPD controls. The data are expressed as Tukey box-plots, in which the box represents the 25th, the median, and the 75th percentile. The whiskers extend to 1.5 times of the interquartile range on either side of the box, and the outliers plotted separately. The y-axis is displayed on a natural-log scale. <b>B)</b> NT-proBNP concentrations of the discovery set represented similarly to <b>A</b>.</p

NT-proBNP Cox proportional hazards survival curve.

<p>The figure shows the concentration of NT-proBNP at the time of hospitalization in predicting all-cause mortality. The x-axis represents number of days post-hospitalization and the y-axis represents the proportion of survivors. The red survival curve followed patients with high NT-proBNP concentrations (90^th percentile) whereas the blue curve followed patients with low NT-proBNP concentrations (10^th percentile). The curves were displayed with 95% confidence intervals as dotted lines. There was a significant hazard ratio of 1.27 [CI: 1.18–1.38] risk associated with the doubling of NT-proBNP concentration (p-value < 0.0001).</p

Timeline of blood collection and systemic steroids administration.

<p>The figure displays blood sample collection time point during hospitalization to follow-up for each patient visit. Samples were collected at day 1 of hospitalization, day 3, discharge, day 30 and day 90 post-hospitalization. Systemic corticosteroids were administered on average 19±12 hours prior to the first blood sample collection after hospital admission. The day of discharge is variable, with a median of 5 days and interquartile range (IQR) of 3–8 days.</p

Patient characteristics of the discovery set.

<p>Patient characteristics of the discovery set.</p

ROC curves of the 3 models from the discovery set.

<p>ROC curve for 1) CRP, 2) NT-proBNP, and 3) CRP + NT-proBNP. The ROC curve is used in discriminating patients with AECOPD. Abbreviations: CRP = C-reactive protein, and NT-proBNP = N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide.</p

Multiple linear regression analysis in modeling length of hospitalization.

<p>Multiple linear regression analysis in modeling length of hospitalization.</p

Findings on Thoracic Computed Tomography Scans and Respiratory Outcomes in Persons with and without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans are widely performed in clinical practice, often leading to detection of airway or parenchymal abnormalities in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic individuals. However, clinical relevance of CT abnormalities is uncertain in the general population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We evaluated data from 1361 participants aged ≥40 years from a Canadian prospective cohort comprising 408 healthy never-smokers, 502 healthy ever-smokers, and 451 individuals with spirometric evidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who had thoracic CT scans. CT images of subjects were visually scored for respiratory bronchiolitis(RB), emphysema(E), bronchial-wall thickening(BWT), expiratory air-trapping(AT), and bronchiectasis(B). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations of CT features with respiratory symptoms, dyspnea, health status as determined by COPD assessment test, and risk of clinically significant exacerbations during 12 months follow-up.</p><p>Results</p><p>About 11% of life-time never-smokers demonstrated emphysema on CT scans. Prevalence increased to 30% among smokers with normal lung function and 36%, 50%, and 57% among individuals with mild, moderate or severe/very severe COPD, respectively. Presence of emphysema on CT was associated with chronic cough (OR,2.11; 95%CI,1.4–3.18); chronic phlegm production (OR,1.87; 95% CI,1.27–2.76); wheeze (OR,1.61; 95% CI,1.05–2.48); dyspnoea (OR,2.90; 95% CI,1.41–5.98); CAT score≥10(OR,2.17; 95%CI,1.42–3.30) and risk of ≥2 exacerbations over 12 months (OR,2.17; 95% CI, 1.42–3.0).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Burden of thoracic CT abnormalities is high among Canadians ≥40 years of age, including never-smokers and smokers with normal lung function. Detection of emphysema on CT scans is associated with pulmonary symptoms and increased risk of exacerbations, independent of smoking or lung function.</p></div

The risk of visual CT variables on developing of patient-reported outcomes (data for Fig 2 in manuscript).

<p>The risk of visual CT variables on developing of patient-reported outcomes (data for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0166745#pone.0166745.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a> in manuscript).</p