Old-Age Support in Indonesia: Labor Supply, Intergenerational Transfers and Living Arrangements.

This is the first paper of which we are aware that attemps to formally model the supply-supply behavior of elderly individuals in a developing countryWithout broad-based public pension schemes, the majority of the elderly in developing countries are left to rely on their current and accumulated earnings and support from children as means of support.DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ; AGED ; PENSIONS

Do Coresidency with and Financial Transfers from Children Reduce the Need for Elderly Parents to Work in Developing Countries?

What drives the labor supply decisions of the elderly in developing countries? To what extent do elderly parents use coresidence with or financial transfers from children to reduce their own labor supply in old age? These questions are increasingly important because populations in many developing countries are rapidly aging. A clear understanding of the relationships between different means of support in old age is crucial to the development of sensible policy responses. This paper is one of only a few studies that seeks to formally model elderly labor supply in the context of a developing country while taking into account coresidency with and financial transfers from children. We find little evidence that support from children – either through transfers or coresidency – substitutes for elderly parents’ need to work. Thus, as in developed countries, there is a role for public policy to enhance the welfare of the elderly population.Intergenerational transfers, Old-age support, Elderly labor supply

Old-Age Support in Developing Countries: Labor Supply, Intergenerational Transfers and Living Arrangements

Without broad-based public pension schemes, the majority of the elderly in developing countries are left to rely on their own current and accumulated earnings and support from children as means of old-age support. We develop a cooperative bargaining model that allows us to jointly estimate the determinants of coresidency, financial transfers from non-coresiding children, and the labor-supply of elderly Indonesians. We find that many Indonesians, especially men, continue to work well into old age even if they are living with their adult children. There is little evidence that transfers are a substitute for the income support provided by the elderly parent?s own labor supply. Transfers are associated with a decline in hours of work only for noncoresiding mothers. Furthermore, transfers are not strongly related to parental need or the ability of the child to give

Old-age support in Indonesia: labor supply, intergenerational transfers and living arrangements

This is the first paper of which we are aware that attempts to formally model the supply-supply behaviour of elderly individuals in a developing country. Without broad-based public pension schemes, the majority of the elderly in developing countries are left to rely on their own current and accumulated earnings and support from children as means of support. Our cooperative bargaining framework allows us to jointly estimate the determinants of coresidence, financial transfers from non-coresiding children, and the supply-supply of elderly Indonesians as alternative forms of old-age support. We find that many Indonesians, especially men, continue to work well into old age and there is little evidence that financial transfers from Indonesian children are a substitute for the income support provided by the elderly parent’s own supply supply. Transfers are negatively related to normal weekly hours of work only for non-coresiding mothers

Socialism, multilingualism and language policy

British socialists who came of age during the Thatcher era may remember the opening lines of a satirical number performed in the early 1980s by the ‘alternative’ comedian Alexei Sayle: ‘It’s not class or ideology/ Culture, creed or roots / The only thing that unites us/ Is Dr Marten’s boots’. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the English language has become the Dr Marten’s boots of political discourse on British national identity, security and social integration. The political class, the media and the public at large have united around a narrative that fosters increasing intolerance of the use of other languages, and increasing support for policies whose effect is to stigmatize and punish those who cannot or (allegedly) will not speak English. Here I consider how socialists might reframe the narrative, and why it is important to do so

Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Prediction for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit

The ability to predict the atomic oxygen erosion yield of polymers based on their chemistry and physical properties has been only partially successful because of a lack of reliable low Earth orbit (LEO) erosion yield data. Unfortunately, many of the early experiments did not utilize dehydrated mass loss measurements for erosion yield determination, and the resulting mass loss due to atomic oxygen exposure may have been compromised because samples were often not in consistent states of dehydration during the pre-flight and post-flight mass measurements. This is a particular problem for short duration mission exposures or low erosion yield materials. However, as a result of the retrieval of the Polymer Erosion and Contamination Experiment (PEACE) flown as part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment 2 (MISSE 2), the erosion yields of 38 polymers and pyrolytic graphite were accurately measured. The experiment was exposed to the LEO environment for 3.95 years from August 16, 2001 to July 30, 2005 and was successfully retrieved during a space walk on July 30, 2005 during Discovery s STS-114 Return to Flight mission. The 40 different materials tested (including Kapton H fluence witness samples) were selected specifically to represent a variety of polymers used in space as well as a wide variety of polymer chemical structures. The MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers experiment used carefully dehydrated mass measurements, as well as accurate density measurements to obtain accurate erosion yield data for high-fluence (8.43 1021 atoms/sq cm). The resulting data was used to develop an erosion yield predictive tool with a correlation coefficient of 0.895 and uncertainty of +/-6.3 10(exp -25)cu cm/atom. The predictive tool utilizes the chemical structures and physical properties of polymers to predict in-space atomic oxygen erosion yields. A predictive tool concept (September 2009 version) is presented which represents an improvement over an earlier (December 2008) version

A study of the relationship between self-esteem and high-risk sexual behaviors in college- aged black women

The purpose of this research study was to examine the relationship between self- esteem and high-risk sexual behaviors. This project aimed to determine if there was a significant difference in this relationship in Black females and non-Black females. Exploring self-esteem and high-risk sexual behaviors could enhance sexual health programs. A pilot survey was developed to measure high-risk behaviors, self-esteem and intentions of practicing safe sex. The survey was distributed via email to all female undergraduate students attending James Madison University during the Spring 2015 semester. SPSS was used to analyze the data collected. The participants of the study (n=268) were given scores based on their responses in the categories of risk behaviors, self-esteem and intentions. It was found that Black females have significantly higher self- esteem than their non-Black counterparts using the t-test (p=0.018). Findings of this study also suggested high-risk behavior and self-esteem have no correlation (p=0.051). High-risk behaviors and intentions to practice safe sex also had no correlation (p=- 0.014). Neither of these correlations were statistically significant and both were found using Pearson’s correlation. Of the 268 participants, only 21 were Black. In the future, a larger scale study where all races were equally represented may lead to more generalizable and significant results. Future studies on this topic should also examine the origin of high or low self-esteem