A asma na criança e no adolescente brasileiro: contribuição do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Objective:To assess asthma among Brazilian pediatric population applying the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), an internationally standardized and validated protocol.Data sources:ISAAC was conceived to maximize the value of epidemiologic studies on asthma and allergic diseases, establishing a standardized method (self-applicable written questionnaire and/or video questionnaire) capable to facilitate the international collaboration. Designed to be carried out in three successive and dependent phases, the ISAAC gathered a casuistic hitherto unimaginable in the world and in Brazil. This review included data gathered from ISAAC official Brazilian centers and others who used this method.Data synthesis:At the end of the first phase, it has been documented that the prevalence of asthma among Brazilian schoolchildren was the eighth among all centers participating all over the world. Few centers participated in the second phase and investigated possible etiological factors, especially those suggested by the first phase, and brought forth many conjectures. The third phase, repeated seven years later, assessed the evolutionary trend of asthma and allergic diseases prevalence in centers that participated simultaneously in phases I and III and in other centers not involved in phase I.Conclusions:In Brazil, the ISAAC study showed that asthma is a disease of high prevalence and impact in children and adolescents and should be seen as a Public Health problem. Important regional variations, not well understood yet, and several risk factors were found, which makes us wonder: is there only one or many asthmas in Brazil?Objetivo:Evaluar el asma en la población pediátrica brasileña por el protocolo del International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), internacionalmente estandarizado y validado.Fuentes de datos : El ISAAC, idealizado para maximizar el valor de estudios epidemiológicos en asma y enfermedades alérgicas, estableció un método estandarizado (cuestionario escrito autoaplicable y/o video-cuestionario) capaz de facilitar la colaboración internacional. Concebido para realizarse en tres etapas sucesivas y dependientes, el ISAAC reunió una casuística hasta entonces inimaginable en el mundo y en Brasil. En esta visión, se reunieron los datos de centros brasileños oficiales del ISAAC y de otros que emplean su método.Síntesis de los datos:Finalizada la primera etapa, la prevalencia de asma entre escolares brasileños fue documentada como la octava en magnitud entre todos los centros participantes del estudio. Los pocos centros involucrados en la segunda etapa investigaron posibles factores etiológicos, especialmente aquellos sugeridos por los resultados de la primera etapa, y generaron muchas especulaciones. La tercera etapa, repetida tras siete años, evaluó la tendencia evolutiva de la prevalencia de asma y de las enfermedades alérgicas en los centros participantes simultáneamente en las etapas I y III y determinó la prevalencia en otros no involucrados en la etapa I.Conclusiones:En Brasil, el ISAAC demostró, de modo definitivo, que el asma es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia e impacto en niños y adolescentes, debiendo ser encarada como problema de Salud Pública. Se encontraron importantes variaciones regionales, todavía no bien aclaradas, así como diversos factores de riesgo, lo que nos hace cuestionar: ¿hay en Brasil una o muchas asmas?Objetivo:Avaliar a asma na população pediátrica brasileira pelo protocolo do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), internacionalmente padronizado e validado.Fontes de dados:O ISAAC, idealizado para maximizar o valor de estudos epidemiológicos em asma e doenças alérgicas, estabeleceu um método padronizado (questionário escrito autoaplicável e/ou vídeo-questionário) capaz de facilitar a colaboração internacional. Concebido para ser realizado em três fases sucessivas e dependentes, o ISAAC reuniu uma casuística até então inimaginável no mundo e no Brasil. Nesta revisão, reuniram-se os dados de centros brasileiros oficiais do ISAAC e de outros que empregaram o seu método.Síntese dos dados:Finalizada a primeira fase, a prevalência de asma entre escolares brasileiros foi documentada como a oitava em magnitude entre todos os centros participantes do estudo. Os poucos centros envolvidos na segunda fase investigaram possíveis fatores etiológicos, especialmente aqueles sugeridos pelos resultados da primeira fase, e geraram muitas especulações. A terceira fase, repetida após sete anos, avaliou a tendência evolutiva da prevalência de asma e das doenças alérgicas nos centros participantes simultaneamente das fases I e III e determinou a prevalência em outros não envolvidos na fase I.Conclusões:No Brasil, o ISAAC demonstrou, de forma definitiva, que a asma é uma doença de alta prevalência e impacto em crianças e adolescentes, devendo ser encarada como problema de Saúde Pública. Encontraram-se importantes variações regionais, ainda não bem esclarecidas, assim como diversos fatores de risco, o que traz a questão: há no Brasil uma ou muitas asmas?Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Rinite alérgica: indicadores de qualidade de vida

The objective of this review was to present evidence of the relationship between allergic rhinitis and impairment of quality of life. The data sources were original articles, reviews and consensus statements entered into the Medline and LILACS databases between 1997 and 2008. The following search terms were used: allergic rhinitis; quality of life; and sleep disorders. Quality of life is often impaired in patients with allergic rhinitis, due to the classic symptoms of the disease (sneezing, pruritus, rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction). In addition, the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis often disrupts sleep, leading to fatigue, irritability, memory deficits, daytime sleepiness and depression. The total burden of this disease goes beyond impairment of physical and social functioning. It has also a financial impact, which becomes greater when we consider the evidence that allergic rhinitis is a possible causal factor of comorbidities, such as asthma and sinusitis. Nasal obstruction, the most prominent symptom, is associated with sleep disorders, which can have a profound effect on mental health, learning, behavior and attention. Finally, allergic rhinitis-a chronic condition that affects adults, adolescents and children-is often underdiagnosed or inadequately treated. The deleterious impact that allergic rhinitis-related sleep disorders have on patient capacity to perform activities of daily living is an important component of the morbidity of the disease. With an accurate diagnosis, there are various available treatments that can reduce the burden of allergic rhinitis.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pediat, Disciplina Alergia Imunol Clin & Reumatol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pediat, Disciplina Alergia Imunol Clin & Reumatol, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Prevalence of rhinitis-related symptoms in Latin American children - Results of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of rhinitis-related symptoms among children living in different parts of Latin America (LA) considering all centers involved in ISAAC Phase Three (Ph3). 93,851 children (6-7 yr-old) from 35 centers in 14 LA countries and 165,917 adolescents (13-14 yr-old) from 56 centers in 17 LA countries were enrolled. the mean prevalence rate of current rhinoconjunctivitis was 12.7% and ranged from 5.5% in Rosario City (Argentina) to 21.2% in Caracas (Venezuela) for the schoolchildren. the mean prevalence rate of current rhinoconjunctivitis was 18.5% and ranged from 7.1% in Cuernavaca (Mexico) to 45.1% in Asuncion (Paraguay) for the adolescents. These indexes were among the higher observed during ISAAC Ph3. in general the prevalence of rhinitis-related symptoms was higher among the Spanish speaking centers. Environmental risk factors must be evaluated in order to explain the differences observed even in centers from the same country.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Clin Immunol, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Santiago Chile, Dept Pediat Resp Med, Hosp CRS El Pino, Santiago, ChileUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Clin Immunol, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Drug-induced anaphylaxis in children: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and drug provocation test

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, BR-01308000 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, BR-01308000 São Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Is the prevalence of asthma and related symptoms among Brazilian children related to socioeconomic status?

Objective. To evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of asthma and related symptoms among Brazilian children. Methods. the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) written questionnaire was applied to 23,457 six- to seven-year-old schoolchildren (SC) and 58,144 thirteen- to fourteen-year-old adolescents (AD) from 20 Brazilian cities. SES was evaluated by infant mortality index, poverty index, and average nominal income for people older than 10 years of age. Results. Current asthma ranged from 16.5% to 31.2% among SC and from 11.8% to 30.5% among AD and severe asthma from 2.9% to 8.5% (SC) and 2.6% to 9.1% (AD). Higher values were observed in Brazilian-Northern, -Northeastern and -Southeastern centers. No significant association between SES and prevalence of asthma and related symptoms was observed. Conclusions. in Brazil, the prevalence of asthma and related symptoms is quite variable and independent of SES.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Prevalence of Asthma Symptoms and Associated Factors in Schoolchildren from Brazilian Amazon Islands

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms among schoolchildren living on two different Brazilian Amazon islands and to identify the risk factors related to this condition. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 400 schoolchildren (5-8 years old) using written questionnaires produced by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, a skin prick test (allergic sensitization), and a stool examination (for helminthic infection). Nonparametric tests were carried out, and the risk factors were identified by logistic regression. Results. the prevalence of active asthma symptoms was markedly higher in children living on Outeiro Island (OI) than those living on Comb Island (CBI) (30.5% and 16.5%, respectively). the logistic regression identified several risk factors of asthma symptoms on CBI: parental history of asthma, night coughing in the past year, and currently have a cat. On OI, the major risk factors were parental history of asthma, personal history of eczema, having two or more older siblings, and night coughing in the past year. the risk factors in common on both the islands were night coughing in the past year and parental history of asthma. Conclusions. the prevalence of asthma symptoms was higher in those with a lifestyle closer to that observed in urban areas (i.e., better sanitation and hygiene), reinforcing the protective effect of a rural environment. Different risk factors were associated with asthma symptoms in schoolchildren living on OI and on CBI. This fact may reflect the environmental individuality and particularities of each island.Fed Univ Para, Dept Pediat, BR-66050380 Belem, Para, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Allergy Immunol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Allergy Immunol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Prevalence of rhinitis among Brazilian schoolchildren: ISAAC phase 3 results

Objective: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) is a standardized method that allows international and regional comparisons of asthma and allergic diseases prevalence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of rhinitis and related symptoms among 6-7 year-old children (SC) and 13-14 year-old adolescents (AD) from 20 Brazilian cities applying the ISAA C's standardized written questionnaire (WQ).Methods: ISAAC's WQ was applied to 23,422 SC and 58,144 AD living in different regions of Brazil: North (N), Northeast (NE), Middle West (MW), Southeast (SE), and South (S).Results: The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in the last year ranged from 10.3% to 17.4% and from 8.9% to 28.5% among SC and AD, respectively. Considering SC the highest values were observed in SE region. In NE, the prevalence in countryside centres was higher than those along the coast. Among AD, the highest values were observed in N and S regions, mainly in Para (Belem). The evaluation of populations probably with the same genetic background has shown higher prevalence among those living in urban centres (capital) in comparison to those in the countryside.Conclusions: The prevalence of rhinitis and related symptoms were variable and predominate in Brazilian N and NE centres.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Clin Immunol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Parana, Dept Pediat, BR-80060000 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Clin Immunol, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Pediatric allergy and immunology in Brazil

The subspecialty of pediatric allergy and immunology in Brazil is in its early years and progressing steadily. This review highlights the research developed in the past years aiming to show the characteristics of allergic and immunologic diseases in this vast country. Epidemiologic studies demonstrated the high prevalence of asthma in infants, children, and adolescents. Mortality rates and average annual variation of asthma hospitalization have reduced in all pediatric age groups. Indoor aeroallergen exposure is excessively high and contributes to the high rates of allergy sensitization. Prevalence of food allergy has increased to epidemic levels. Foods (35%), insect stings (30%), and drugs (23%) are the main etiological agents of anaphylaxis in children and adolescents. Molecular diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) showed a high incidence of fungal infections including paracoccidioidomycosis in X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, and the occurrence of BCG adverse reactions or other mycobacterial infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Education in pediatric allergy and immunology is deficient for medical students, but residency programs are effective in training internists and pediatricians for the practice of allergy. the field of PID requires further training. Last, this review is a tribute to Prof. Dr. Charles Naspitz, one of the pioneers of our specialty in Brazil.Univ Fed Parana, Dept Pediat, BR-80060900 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Immunol, Inst Biomed Sci, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Med, Sch Med Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Pernambuco, Dept Pediat, Recife, PE, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc