President Eisenhower\u27s Role as Legislative Leader in the Passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1957 A Case Study

The relationship between the President and Congress varies with the time, the issue, and the personality of the men concerned. A President cannot compel Congress to take any specific motion, but he can frequently prevent Congress from acting independently. 1 Thus, he is frequently in a position to guide and lead Congress. We will, in this study, focus on Mr. Eisenhower in the role of legislative leader with reference to the Civil Rights Bill of 1957. To this end, the writer will examine the methods employed by the President, his relationship with Congress and the strategy he used in trying to lead Congress in the passage of the Bill. More specifically, the writer will try to determine what institutional and personal factors, both within the presidency and within the Congress, tended to modify or motivate the President\u27s behavior toward the Bill as it went through the different phases of the legislative process. The writer will also attempt to determine if the Bill, as passed, reflected Mr. Eisenhower\u27s influences more than that of the Congress. In other words, did the Bill, as finally enacted by Congress, include the main provisions of the original Bill as introduced into Congress by the Eisenhower Administration? Thus, the central problem in this study involves the question of whether or not President Eisenhower was more influential or less influential than Congress in the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1957. 1Roland Young, The American Congress (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1958), p. 84

The mechanics of rockfill consolidation

M.S.George F. Sower

Lillies Poem

Love poem written on the inside of a paper with various names on the outside. The poem is signed J. C. W. , which is probably John Calvin Williams.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/mss-williams-papers/1008/thumbnail.jp

Anti-viral organic coatings for high touch surfaces based on smart-release, Cu2+ containing pigments

Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable on solid surfaces for up to one week, hence fomites are a potential route of exposure to infectious virus. Copper has well documented antiviral properties that could limit this problem, however practical deployment of copper surfaces has been limited due to the associated costs and the incompatibility of copper metal in specific environments and conditions. We therefore developed an organic coating containing an intelligent-release Cu2+ pigment based on a cation exchange resin. Organic coatings containing a 50 % weight or higher loading of smart-release pigment were capable of completely inactivating (>6 log reduction in titre) SARS-CoV-2 within 4 h of incubation. Importantly these organic coatings demonstrated a significantly enhanced ability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 compared to metallic copper and un-pigmented material. Furthermore, the presence of contaminating proteins inhibited the antiviral activity of metallic copper, but the intelligent-release Cu2+ pigment was unaffected. The approach of using a very basic paint system, based on a polymer binder embedded with “smart release” pigment containing an anti-viral agent which is liberated by ion-exchange, holds significant promise as a cost effective and rapidly deployed coating to confer virus inactivating capability to high touch surfaces

Letter about Yellow Fever Quarantine

Letter from John Calvin Williams to his brother, regarding the yellow fever quarantine in Dry Grove, Mississippi, 1878.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/mss-williams-papers/1162/thumbnail.jp

Yellow Fever Journal

Small journal kept by John Calvin Williams during the yellow fever epidemic in Dry Grove, Mississippi, in 1878. According to the note pasted later into the front of the journal, Williams himself died of the fever on October 31, 1878.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/mss-williams-papers/1019/thumbnail.jp

Regulatory T Cells: Exosomes Deliver Tolerance

T regulatory (Treg) cells enforce peripheral tolerance through regulation of diverse immune responses in a context-specific manner. Okoye et al. show one way that Treg cells suppress Th1 cell responses is through nonautonomous gene silencing mediated by microRNA-containing exosomes

Transcriptional Analysis of the Pre-Erythrocytic Stages of the Rodent Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium yoelii

The molecular biology of the clinically silent pre-erythrocytic stages of mammalian Plasmodium spp, composed of both the sporozoite and liver stages, has remained largely uncharacterized. Improved understanding of the biological processes required for progression through the pre-erythrocytic stages could lead to the identification of novel drug and vaccine targets. To gain insights into the molecular events that occur during the pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium, comparative transcriptional analysis was performed on radiation attenuated sporozoites (RAS), wild type sporozoites (wtSPZ) and liver stage parasites collected either 24 hours (24hrLS) or 48 hours (48hrLS) after mice were infected with Plasmodium yoelii. Our results revealed 1100 Plasmodium genes that were differentially expressed in one or more constituents of the pre-erythrocytic stages relative to the mixed blood stages. Overall, the transcriptional profile of P. yoelii gradually became more similar to the mixed blood stages as pre-erythrocytic stage development progressed into the mature liver stage schizont. The transcriptional profiles of RAS and wtSPZ were found to be nearly identical. Likewise, the transcriptional profile of 24hrLS was very similar to that of the 48hrLS parasites. The largest differences in gene expression were observed when comparing wtSPZ or RAS to either of the liver stage samples. Further characterization of the differentially expressed genes identified in this study could help elucidate the biological mechanisms employed by Plasmodium during the pre-erythrocytic stages

Occupation des Zones à Risques à San-Pedro (Côte D’ivoire): Entre Laxisme des Autorités et Insouciance des Populations

Inscrite dans les Objectifs de Développement Durable, la question de la gouvernance des villes est au cœur de nombreuses préoccupations au niveau mondial. Les défis à la gouvernance sont nombreux et se présentent aussi en termes d’accès au logement. Dans les pays en développement, avoir un logement décent dans une zone moins exposée aux risques naturels est préoccupant. En Côte d’Ivoire, notamment à Abidjan, on enregistre chaque année des glissements de terrain, des éboulements, des inondations entraînant souvent des pertes en vies humaines. San-Pedro, ville située au sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire n’échappe pas à cette réalité. Cette étude vise à analyser les facteurs de l’occupation des zones à risques dans la ville de San-Pedro en vue d’une meilleure planification de l’espace. Pour conduire l’étude, la démarche méthodologique utilisée prend en compte la recherche documentaire, l’interview auprès des gestionnaires du foncier, l’enquête par questionnaire adressée aux chefs de ménage et l’usage des techniques de télédétection pour le traitement des images sentinelles. Les résultats ont relevé que les basfonds occupent 72% de la superficie totale de la ville dont 60% sont bâtis. Ensuite, l’occupation des zones à risques s’explique par les contraintes du milieu physique, le laxisme des pouvoirs publics et l’insouciance des populations, car 51,53% perçoivent le risque très grave contre 14,61% qui ne perçoivent aucun risque. Enfin, l’occupation des zones à risques induit des destructions des habitations, des documents administratifs et des pertes en vies humaines. Les pouvoirs publics devraient désormais déguerpir les populations occupant les zones à risques.   The issue of urban governance, which is included in the Sustainable Development Goals, is at the heart of many concerns at the global level. The governance challenges are numerous and arise in terms of access to housing. In developing countries, having a decent home in an area less exposed to natural hazards is a concern. In Côte d'Ivoire, particularly in Abidjan, landslides, rockslides, and floods are recorded yearly, often resulting in loss of life. San-Pedro, a city located southwest of Côte d'Ivoire, is no exception to this reality. This study aims to analyze the factors of the occupation of risk zones in the city of San-Pedro with a view to better spatial planning. The methodological approach used to conduct the study includes documentary research, interviews with land managers, a questionnaire survey addressed to heads of households,s and the use of remote sensing techniques for processing sentinel images. The results showed that the lowlands occupy 72% of the city's total area, 60% of which is built-up. Then, the occupation of risk areas is explained by the constraints of the physical environment, the laxity of the public authorities, and the carelessness of the population, as 51.53% perceive the risk as very serious against 14.61% who perceive no risk. Finally, the occupation of risk zones leads to the destruction of homes, administrative documents, and loss of human life. The public authorities should now evacuate the populations occupying the risk zones

Functional Reprogramming of the Primary Immune Response by T Cell Receptor Antagonism

The T cell receptor must translate modest, quantitative differences in ligand binding kinetics into the qualitatively distinct signals used to determine cell fate. Here, we use mice that express an endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) antagonist and an adoptive transfer system to examine the influence of TCR signal quality on the development of effector function. We show that activation of antigen-specific T cells in the presence of an antagonist results in a functional reprogramming of the primary immune response, marked by altered T cell homing, a failure to develop effector function, and ultimately clonal elimination by apoptosis. Importantly, antagonism does not block cell division, implying that the signals promoting clonal expansion and effector differentiation are distinct