Collaborative Standards, Voluntary Codes and Industry Self-regulation

In a complex, global economy, firms seek a range of mechanisms for addressing regulatory and social movement pressures. This requires an evolution beyond our current models of response to regulation and control. This paper offers ideas on collaborative control and industry self-regulation as alternative mechanisms for addressing regulatory complexity. It explores a range of self-regulatory practices worldwide, proposes a framework for examining its use, potential and limits, and discusses the critical role of third-party organisations in the process

Can Leaders Step Outside of the Gender Box? An Examination of Leadership and Gender Role Stereotypes

This study examined gender stereotypes for leaders using a more indirect method than is typical in stereotype research. Rather than reveal the leader\u27s gender, this study used vignettes in which the leader\u27s gender was unknown. Consistent with their hypothesis, the authors found that participants were more likely to infer a male (female) gender identity than a female (male) gender identity when presented with a leader using a masculine (feminine) style. They also hypothesized that a leader using a gender-consistent leadership style would be viewed more positively than a leader using a gender-inconsistent style. Contrary to this hypothesis, results revealed that men using a gender-inconsistent (feminine) style were actually evaluated more positively than men using a gender-consistent style. It is interesting that a perceived female leader who used a gender-inconsistent (masculine) style was evaluated more positively than a perceived male leader who used a masculine style, but only by female participants. Possible explanations for these results are discussed

Promoting Investments in Intangible Organizational Assets through Aligned Incentive Compensation Plans

In order for large companies to continue to compete and expand in the global business world, it is important that the performance and compensation of strategic business unit managers are aligned with the organization’s overall long-term goals and strategies

Catalytic amidation of unactivated ester derivatives mediated by trifluoroethanol

A catalytic amidation method has been developed, employing 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol to facilitate condensation of unactivated esters and amines, enabling the synthesis of a range of amide products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies indicate the reaction proceeds through a trifluoroethanol-derived active ester intermediate

Building momentum for business school curriculum change: Measurable lessons from a pilot course in real business experience

Curriculum change requires thoughtful planning and a willingness to experiment with different modes of content delivery. While many business schools are experimenting, few measure student outcomes against the traditional courses they replace. One element of Butler University\u27s College of Business Administration curriculum revision was a pilot course, Real Business Experience , in which students developed a professional business plan, sought and received funding from a professional level funding panel, and ran their businesses. To determine whether the pilot course was successful in reaching its goal of teaching students about the messiness of business and developing more adaptable and confident business leaders assessment instruments were used to identify student development in both the pilot and traditional courses. The analysis presented in this article suggests that the pilot course utilizing the constructivist approach was successful in achieving its goal, but not always in the ways expected

How Groups Produce Higher-Quality Balanced Scorecards than Individuals

Many articles explain how to develop a balanced score card using groups, but the literature provides little insight about why groups are important. We gathered data from 12 groups involved in developing balanced score cards to determine how they use information suggested by their members. We found that the groups filter individual members\u27 poor ideas and carry through their worthy ideas to the group score card--although not all poor ideas are filtered and not all good ideas are carried forward. We also found some evidence that groups create innovative ideas but to a lesser extent than filtering and carrying through ideas. Our findings suggest that the outcome of the group process depends on the quality of the potential score cardobjectives and metrics that group members bring to the discussion. As such, entities that plan to develop a balanced scorecard in a group environment should ensure that the group contains a diverse set of individuals--each with different training, skills, and perspectives--to ensure that the group considers a large pool of good ideas

Amidation of unactivated ester derivatives mediated by trifluoroethanol

A catalytic amidation protocol mediated by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol has been developed, facilitating the condensation of unactivated esters and amines, furnishing both secondary and tertiary amides. The complete scope and limitations of the method are described, along with modified conditions for challenging substrates such as acyclic secondary amines and chiral esters with retention of chiral integrity

Bostonia

Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs

Closed-loop basal insulin delivery over 36 hours in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of closed-loop basal insulin delivery during sleep and after regular meals and unannounced periods of exercise. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twelve adolescents with type 1 diabetes (five males; mean age 15.0 [SD 1.4] years; HbA1c 7.9 [0.7]%; BMI 21.4 [2.6] kg/m(2)) were studied at a clinical research facility on two occasions and received, in random order, either closed-loop basal insulin delivery or conventional pump therapy for 36 h. During closed-loop insulin delivery, pump basal rates were adjusted every 15 min according to a model predictive control algorithm informed by subcutaneous sensor glucose levels. During control visits, subjects' standard infusion rates were applied. Prandial insulin boluses were given before main meals (50-80 g carbohydrates) but not before snacks (15-30 g carbohydrates). Subjects undertook moderate-intensity exercise, not announced to the algorithm, on a stationary bicycle at a 140 bpm heart rate in the morning (40 min) and afternoon (20 min). Primary outcome was time when plasma glucose was in the target range (71-180 mg/dL). RESULTS: Closed-loop basal insulin delivery increased percentage time when glucose was in the target range (median 84% [interquartile range 78-88%] vs. 49% [26-79%], P = 0.02) and reduced mean plasma glucose levels (128 [19] vs. 165 [55] mg/dL, P = 0.02). Plasma glucose levels were in the target range 100% of the time on 17 of 24 nights during closed-loop insulin delivery. Hypoglycemia occurred on 10 occasions during control visits and 9 occasions during closed-loop delivery (5 episodes were exercise related, and 4 occurred within 2.5 h of prandial bolus). CONCLUSIONS: Day-and-night closed-loop basal insulin delivery can improve glucose control in adolescents. However, unannounced moderate-intensity exercise and excessive prandial boluses pose challenges to hypoglycemia-free closed-loop basal insulin delivery

Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feasibility, safety, and efficacy of overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in free-living youth with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Overnight closed loop was evaluated at home by 16 pump-treated adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 12-18 years. Over a 3-week period, overnight insulin delivery was directed by a closed-loop system, and on another 3-week period sensor-augmented therapy was applied. The order of interventions was random. The primary end point was time when adjusted sensor glucose was between 3.9 and 8.0 mmol/L from 2300 to 0700 h. RESULTS: Closed loop was constantly applied over at least 4 h on 269 nights (80%); sensor data were collected over at least 4 h on 282 control nights (84%). Closed loop increased time spent with glucose in target by a median 15% (interquartile range -9 to 43; P < 0.001). Mean overnight glucose was reduced by a mean 14 (SD 58) mg/dL (P < 0.001). Time when glucose was <70 mg/dL was low in both groups, but nights with glucose <63 mg/dL for at least 20 min were less frequent during closed loop (10 vs. 17%; P = 0.01). Despite lower total daily insulin doses by a median 2.3 (interquartile range -4.7 to 9.3) units (P = 0.009), overall 24-h glucose was reduced by a mean 9 (SD 41) mg/dL (P = 0.006) during closed loop. CONCLUSIONS: Unsupervised home use of overnight closed loop in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is safe and feasible. Glucose control was improved during the day and night with fewer episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia.Supported by Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (#22-2006-1113, #22-2007-1801, #22-2009-801, #22-2009-802), Diabetes UK (BDA07/0003549), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK085621), Medical Research Council Centre for Obesity and Related metabolic Diseases, and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. Abbott Diabetes Care supplied continuous glucose delivery devices and sensors and modified devices to facilitate real-time connectivity.This is the final published version, also available from the American Diabetes Association at http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/5/1204