TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS IN BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURE

Marketing,

Índices de preço para o transporte de cargas: o caso da soja

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar metodologias para elaboração de índices de preços para o transporte de cargas. O estudo das principais fórmulas da Teoria Econômica culminou com a conclusão que os Índices de Fisher e Walsh são aqueles capazes de atender ao maior número de preceitos lógicos, estatísticos e econômicos. Em seguida, surgem os índices geométricos de Törnqvist, Vartia e Theil. Os Índices de Laspeyres e Paasche, apesar de apresentarem algumas limitações, acabam sendo amplamente utilizados, graças a maior capacidade de operacionalização. A pesquisa apresentou um estudo de caso para o transporte da soja em grão. Foram realizados quatro tratamentos. Obteve-se a variação acumulada no nível geral de preços para o transporte rodoviário de soja no Brasil, no período entre fevereiro de 1998 e março de 2002. De acordo com os resultados, essa variação acumulada teria sido de 76%.The purpose of this research is to analyze methodologies for calculation of price indexes for cargo freight in Brazil. The study on the most used mathematical formulas has come to the conclusion that Fisher and Walsh indexes are those which comply with most of the logical, statistical and economic principles, followed by geometric indexes, such as Törnqvist, Vartia and Theil. Laspeyres and Paasche, in spite of their limitations, are widely used in practical terms. A case study was selected to evaluate variations on possible procedures for index construction. Four treatments have been conducted. As a result, we observed that the accumulated variation of the general price level for road transportation of soybean in Brazil between February 1998 and March 2002 was 76%

Impactos econômicos e ambientais decorrentes do estado de conservação das rodovias brasileiras: um estudo de caso

Devido à importância do modal rodoviário para a economia brasileira no que diz respeito à sua participação na matriz de transporte de cargas, à elevada participação no consumo de combustíveis fósseis (óleo diesel) e nas emissões de CO2, este artigo avalia se rodovias em melhores estados de conservação implicam benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Os benefícios econômicos disseram respeito à avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: consumo de combustível, tempo de viagem e gasto com manutenção do veículo. Já os benefícios ambientais referiram-se às reduções das externalidades negativas resultantes da diminuição nas emissões de CO2. Foram realizadas coletas de dados primários relacionados ao desempenho observado em caminhões (dotados de computadores de bordo para auxiliar na coleta dos dados) em rodovias com diferentes condições de infra-estrutura. Num total de 20 viagens realizadas, foram observados o consumo de combustível e o perfil das velocidades em duas rotas em diferentes estados de conservação (Campo Grande a Santos e Rondonópolis a Campo Grande). Os resultados indicaram a existência de benefícios econômicos e ambientais para as rotas em melhor estado de conservação.This article evaluates economic and environmental impacts of Brazilian highway conditions. The economic benefits evaluated were: diesel consumption, travel time and vehicle maintenance; the environmental benefits evaluated were the reduction on negative externalities related to decrease on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Primary computer collected data related to the trucks performances on highways with different infrastructure conditions. The data were derived from 20 trips over 2 routes, each route representative of one of two highway conditions: better or worse (Campo Grande to Santos, and Rondonópolis to Campo Grande). The results had confirmed economics and environmental benefits resulting from travel over the better routes

A MULTIPLE-CRITERIA ANALYSIS APPLICATION FOR VERTICAL COORDINATION IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN BRAZIL

The strategies to perform the transportation of agricultural commodities by truck in Brazil are a challenge to decision making. This paper brings together widely held theories that are vertical coordination and decision analysis, to present a discussion of decision making in organizations. From a model capable to process main objectives, multiple criteria and variables found in transport verticalization problems, the results showed worse performance than hybrid or outsourced alternatives. This result supports that in environments with high dependence on low costs and asset specificity are no more likely to meet hybrid structures or market coordinated. However, the descriptive survey of road transport with agricultural shippers and the results of the multicriterial model indicated a highly outsourced transport market, which would be fostered by the current uncertainty and low professionalism of haulers. As the price difference between the outsourced model and vertical decreases there is a preference for hierarchical structure given his best performances in the benefits offered. Given the changes in the institutional environment, such as the transport regulation, competitive arrangements may change. This type of preference by decision makers would compose the vertical structures with more scale strategies by shippers

Impactos econômicos e ambientais decorrentes do estado de conservação das rodovias brasileiras: um estudo de caso

This article evaluates economic and environmental impacts of Brazilian highway conditions. The economic benefits evaluated were: diesel consumption, travel time and vehicle maintenance; the environmental benefits evaluated were the reduction on negative externalities related to decrease on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Primary computer collected data related to the trucks performances on highways with different infrastructure conditions. The data were derived from 20 trips over 2 routes, each route representative of one of two highway conditions: better or worse (Campo Grande to Santos, and Rondonópolis to Campo Grande). The results had confirmed economics and environmental benefits resulting from travel over the better routes.Transporte rodoviário de cargas, Benefícios econômicos, Benefícios ambientais, Emissões de CO2, Agribusiness, Q5,

Aprendizado por reforço aplicado ao ambiente Toy Text da plataforma Gym

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade UnB Gama, 2018.Será apresentado neste trabalho a aplicação de uma abordagem de aprendizagem por reforço, Q-Learning, no ambiente de treinamento e abstração de jogos, Toy Text, disponível na ferramenta Gym. O ambiente escolhido possui uma interface numérica em texto, sendo o Taxi como jogo usado para aplicação. Não houve modificações algorítmicas e todas as adições de parâmetros foram baseadas em padrões e conceito da própria abordagem que visam a resolução de alguns problemas conhecidos, como exemplo, o controle do processo markoviano. Fora implementado um agente com ações aleatórias para a comparação e análise dos resultados dos treinamentos.In this paper we will present the application of a reinforcement learning (RL) approach, QLearning, in the game training and abstraction environment, Toy Games, available in the Gym toolkit. The chosen environment has a text numeric interface, being Taxi as game used for analyze. There were no algorithmic modifications and all parameter additions were based on standards and concept of the approach itself that aims the resolution of some known problems such as control of the Markovian process. An agent with random actions was implemented to compare and analyze the results of the training

Comportamento do mercado de preços de fretes rodoviários de açúcar para exportação no Estado de São Paulo

Currently, Brazil is the greatest worldwide producer and exporter of sugar. Therefore, it is expected better defined forms to restrict high costs, which are normally present in many of the factors involved in the process of production and product commercialization. Under that context, this study searched to characterize the distribution process of the sugar produced in State of São Paulo, indicating in a summarized manner, the main agents involved within the sector, the flow observed by the product until its final delivery and the evolution of transport prices and final prices of the product during the months of the year. The method used to conduct this research was based on primary data survey and on the application of specialized econometric models. In general terms, it was observed that the transport sector within the sugar market is highly competitive and clearly open to the entrance and to the exit of companies related to the sector. The traded prices for the transportation service are defined according to the moment at which the actual demand occurs, and also depending on the presented situation and related needs. Even though, the variation in sugar freight values for export follows a trend pattern which accounts for a rise in periods of greater production of sugar and a fall in periods of lower.Freight, Transportation, Sugar, Logistics, Exports, Demand and Price Analysis,

Viabilidade econômica de embalagens para laranja-de-mesa no estado de São Paulo

This current study aims to identify the most feasible type of packages for fresh oranges, produced and commercialized in the São Paulo state. In order to do so, three studies of specific cases were considered, under the context of multi cases. It was aimed to determine the cost of processing, packaging and transporting related to the orange commercialization aimed at customers such as wholesalers, supermarkets and Supplying Centers (CEASA’s), from a Packing-House. The results presented and analyzed in this study allowed to indicate that, in general terms, there is no package more feasible economically speaking, considering its use. What was really observed was that there is a package that is more feasible for each producer considering his specific characteristics, such as: forms of freight negotiations with the customer, the payment of taxes related to transportation, loss levels related to the use of determined packages in long distances, variations of the fruit prices sold to the customer and to the industry, values related to the processing, arbitrage and taxes of financial discounts (according to the type of supermarket). Based on the spreadsheet the producer will be able to use a tool to help make decisions related not only to the most feasible package to be used, but also as an instrument in defining the best sale price for their fruit (R$/kg), from which profits can be forecasted in all levels of refusals.Packaging, Economic feasibility, Orange, Marketing,

Potencial da logística ferroviária para exportação de açúcar em São Paulo: recomendações de localização para armazéns intermodais

This study analyzes the best warehousing location for sugar exportation in the state of Sao Paulo using the railway transportation. A mixed integer programming model was developed and its results indicate some trends for localization and capacity of these warehouses. Four scenarios were elaborated and they showed high competitiveness of the intermodal transport compared to the alternative of road transportation from the mill to the port. It was also confirmed that there is a possibility to increase the market share of the railway transportation for Sao Paulo’s sugar exports.intermodal transportation, railway transport, sugar market., Agribusiness, C61, Q13,

Otimização dos aterros sanitários

A escolha do local para acomodar resíduos sólidos deve obedecer a várias normas de caráter ambiental, operacional e econômico. No Estado de São Paulo, a análise de uma unidade receptora passa necessariamente pela avaliação da Cetesb -- Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, que tem sinalizado sobre a qualidade e a eficiência dos aterros paulistas através da formulação do IQR (Índice de Qualidade do Aterro). O presente trabalho, com o auxílio de modelos matemáticos de otimização, mais especificamente através da linguagem de otimização gams, visa a avaliar os melhores locais para aterros sanitários e os melhores fluxos de resíduos entre algumas cidades do Estado de São Paulo. A partir dos resultados obtidos, infere-se que, se houvesse a conscientização plena ao se aterrar os resíduos, o uso de locais se restringiria àqueles que apresentassem melhores IQRs, acarretando maiores gastos, pois nem todo município possuiria áreas em condições ambientais adequadas para destinar seus restos, tendo de deslocá-los para outros lugares, normalmente muito distantes