The barriers to and facilitators of physical activity and sport for Oceania with Non-European, Non-Asian (ONENA) ancestry children and adolescents : A mixed studies systematic review

Background: Participation in sport and physical activity (PA) leads to better overall health, increased life expectancy, and decreased mortality rates across the lifespan; however, there may be a range of individual, family, and community factors that influence PA participation among ONENA children and adolescents residing in the 22 Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) and Australia. This review aimed to synthesise existing quantitative and qualitative literature regarding barriers to and facilitators of PA and sport among ONENA youth. Methods: The literature was systematically searched to include studies reporting barriers to and facilitators of PA and sports participation among ONENA children and adolescents aged 0–18 years residing in the 22 PICT and Australia. Using a pre-established taxonomy based on the social-ecological model, a deductive analysis was performed. Quality appraisal was performed using the mixed methods appraisal tool. Results: Of 1388 articles, 14 studies were included, with 128 ONENA children and adolescent participants across the four qualitative studies; 156,581 ONENA children and adolescents across the seven quantitative studies; 801 parents, children, and adolescents in one quantitative study; and 642 parents in two quantitative studies. Of the 14 included studies, none were based in Australia and only 10 of the 22 PICT were reported as the participants’ residence: Palau, New Zealand, Tonga, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Fiji. Four studies reported barriers, and another four studies reported facilitators of PA and sport, with the remaining studies reporting both barriers and facilitators. Overall, there were more barriers reported (30 in total) than facilitators (27 in total). Conclusions: Research in this area is lacking, with ONENA youth living in Australia and 12 PICT not represented. Overall, there were a larger number of facilitators experienced at individual and interpersonal levels, while barriers were highest at the community level, with the policy level having facilitators and barriers equally represented. Programs that offer PA and sport participation options with embedded SDT-informed strategies for all family members; that are accessible through existing transport and related social, cultural, and physical infrastructure; and that are committed to communities through formal co-design partnerships are needed, to enhance the PA and sport participation of ONENA youth residing in PICT

Whole body cryotherapy and recovery from exercise induced muscle damage: A systematic review

Introduction Cold therapies are used regularly in medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposure to air maintained between -110 and -160oC, and is hypothesised to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation. WBC has recently become popular in an exercise and sporting context as a recovery method after skeletal muscle damage, however, research examining the efficacy of WBC in an athletic context is minimal. This review seeks to summarise the evidence for the effects of WBC on exercise recovery measures. Methods Electronic database searches were conducted from March to April 2013. Six large online databases were used; MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and AMED. The search targeted human studies with an exercise task, and WBC intervention. Results included randomised controlled trials (RCT’s), uncontrolled trials and crossover designs. Results A total of 8 studies were included in the review. Two RCT’s, four crossover trials and two uncontrolled trials were identified. Five studies showed WBC had no effect on markers of muscle damage or inflammation post exercise, while 3 studies show a positive effect. Three out of the eight studies measured maximal muscle force production and subjective pain levels following exercise and WBC, with two showing WBC had a positive effect on muscle force recovery and pain. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Conclusion The current evidence for the efficacy of WBC on exercise recovery is unclear. Published studies report mixed findings, and the study designs make these results difficult to interpret. As WBC is proposed as an aid to recovery in an athletic population, repeated measures of performance, muscle force production and pain are of importance to the athlete, however, are minimally reported in the literature. Cold water immersion (CWI) is widely used in an athletic setting for recovery, and has much literature supporting its use for the reduction of pain post-exercise. Well-designed RCT’s with controlled exercise interventions targeting performance measures are needed, in particular comparison of WBC with CWI data is needed for evaluation

Lymphocyte and Monocyte Hsp72 Responses to Exercise in Athletes with Prior Exertional Heat Illness

ABSTRACT Introduction. Exertional heatstroke is a serious disorder that can be fatal especially if treatment is delayed. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is strongly induced by heat, and can be protective against a subsequent stress that may be the same or of a different form. In animal models it has been shown that upregulation of Hsp72 is protective against heatstroke. There is a natural variability in the amount and/or inducibility of Hsp72 in cells and tissues between individuals, and it is possible that impaired expression levels could make some athletes more prone to heat illness. The purpose of this study was to examine Hsp72 expression in lymphocytes and monocytes of young (\u3c40 years) athletes who had previously experienced, but recovered from serious heatstroke during exercise in the heat. Methods. Fourteen athletes ran on a treadmill for 60 min at 72% maximal oxygen uptake (o2max) in warm conditions (30°C, 40% relative humidity). One group consisted of athletes who had a previous history of exertional heat illness (EHI), while the control group (CON) had no previous history of EHI. Both groups were of similar age (29.7 ± 1.2 and 29.1 ± 2 years, CON vs EHI) and fitness (o2max 65.7 ± 2 and 64.5 ± 3 ml.kg-1.min-1, CON vs EHI). Rectal temperature was measured using a thermistor inserted to a depth of 10 cm past the anal sphincter. Hsp72 levels were measured in both monocytes and lymphocytes by flow cytometry before and immediately after the 60-min run, then after 60 min of recovery at an ambient temperature of 24°C. Results. Rectal temperature increased during the exercise period but there was no difference between groups, demonstrating that the EHI group had recovered from their heat illness and were not heat intolerant. Lymphocyte Hsp72 was lower in the EHI group after 60 min of exercise (p\u3c0.05), while monocyte Hsp72 was not different between groups. Conclusion. Our study found a lower lymphocyte Hsp72 concentration during exercise in athletes who had previously collapsed with serious EHI. Further research is needed to determine whether lower lymphocyte Hsp72 is a factor that may predispose athletes to develop EHI

Effects of whole body cryotherapy and cold water immersion on immune and inflammatory markers following exercise induced muscle damage

Introduction: Cold therapies are used regularly in medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposure to air maintained between -110 and -160oC, and is hypothesised to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation. WBC has recently become popular in an exercise and sporting context as a recovery method after skeletal muscle damage. However, research examining the efficacy of WBC in an athletic context is minimal, in particular, studies comparing WBC to currently accepted recovery methods are lacking. Cold water immersion (CWI) is a widely researched and applied method of skeletal muscle recovery in sport science. As yet, no study has compared the proposed new method of WBC and the currently practiced method of CWI. We have designed a randomised control trial to examine the efficacy of WBC, as compared with CWI on recovery from a bout of eccentric muscle damage. Methods: Sixty healthy male subjects will perform skeletal muscle function tests and an eccentric muscle damage protocol of their left quadriceps femoris, using an isokinetic dynamometer. They will then be randomly assigned to one of 3 groups, WBC, CWI or a passive recovery control (PAS). The WBC will expose subjects to -160°C for 3min, using cold air. The CWI condition involves whole body exposure for 3min, in water maintained at 12°C. The PAS will have subjects seated comfortably at room temperature following the exercise protocol. Blood samples, muscle functional measurements and pain reports will be taken before muscle damage, immediately following damage, prior to therapy administration and post therapy. Further follow up measures to be taken 6 h post, 24 h and 7 days post. Blood samples will be analysed for changes in interleukins 6, 8 and 10, creatine kinase and leukocyte population kinetics. Results: Testing is being conducted. Results to be presented at the international society of exercise immunology (ISEI) symposium in September 2013

Expression de Hsp72 au cours du vieillissement (quel rôle pour l'aptitude physique ?)

MONTPELLIER-BU Médecine UPM (341722108) / SudocMONTPELLIER-BU STAPS (341722109) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocMONTPELLIER-BU Médecine (341722104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Analyse fractale de la marche : application au sujet âgé

Troubles de la locomotion, risque de chute accru de fait de l'instabilité de la marche chez le sujet âgé : quantification de cette instabilité par l'évaluation de la durée de foulée, au moyen d'une analyse fractale des durées de foulée. Revue de question avec présentation d'une synthèse des travaux d'Hausdorff et coll