Participation versus Elimination in Middle School Sport Activities

Middle school students were surveyed to test two assumptions regarding fully participating versus being eliminated from sport activity and how elimination affects the choice ·of sport activity. The results showed that students would rather be participants than non-participants and that the possibility of elimination did not affect their choice of activity for most students

The Freshman, vol. 6, January 1936

The Freshman was a weekly, student newsletter issued on Mondays throughout the academic year. The newsletter included calendar notices, coverage of campus social events, lectures, and athletic teams. The intent of the publication was to create unity, a sense of community, and class spirit among first year students. Featured in this issue is Bob Cail\u27s eye witness account of the Oaks Hall dormitory fire. Cail was an Oak Hall occupant

The Freshman, vol. 6, no. 7

The Freshman was a weekly, student newsletter issued on Mondays throughout the academic year. The newsletter included calendar notices, coverage of campus social events, lectures, and athletic teams. The intent of the publication was to create unity, a sense of community, and class spirit among first year students

The Freshman, vol. 6, no. 6

The Freshman was a weekly, student newsletter issued on Mondays throughout the academic year. The newsletter included calendar notices, coverage of campus social events, lectures, and athletic teams. The intent of the publication was to create unity, a sense of community, and class spirit among first year students

The Freshman, vol. 6, no. 8

The Freshman was a weekly, student newsletter issued on Mondays throughout the academic year. The newsletter included calendar notices, coverage of campus social events, lectures, and athletic teams. The intent of the publication was to create unity, a sense of community, and class spirit among first year students

The Freshman, vol. 6, no. 1

The Freshman was a weekly, student newsletter issued on Mondays throughout the academic year. The newsletter included calendar notices, coverage of campus social events, lectures, and athletic teams. The intent of the publication was to create unity, a sense of community, and class spirit among first year students

Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model

The third-generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5× expansion in the readout operating bandwidth has enabled the use of this large focal plane, and SPT-3G performance meets the forecasting targets relevant to its science objectives. However, the electrical dynamics of the higher-bandwidth readout differ from predictions based on models of the SPTpol system due to the higher frequencies used and parasitic impedances associated with new cryogenic electronic architecture. To address this, we present an updated derivation for electrical crosstalk in higher-bandwidth DfMUX systems and identify two previously uncharacterized contributions to readout noise, which become dominant at high bias frequency. The updated crosstalk and noise models successfully describe the measured crosstalk and readout noise performance of SPT-3G. These results also suggest specific changes to warm electronics component values, wire-harness properties, and SQUID parameters, to improve the readout system for future experiments using DfMUX, such as the LiteBIRD space telescope

Induced Nanoscale Curvature Localizes Endocytic Sites and Rescues Clathrin Knockdown

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) depends on plasma membrane remodeling, which results in production of an endocytic vesicle approximately 100 nm across. Remodeling of a flat patch of membrane into a spherical vesicle occurs below the resolution limit of the light microscope, making elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying this shape change difficult. To study how the cell generates nanoscale curvature for CME, I developed a high-throughput nanofabrication process that mimics endocytic membrane curvature, and focused on how this curvature affects both normal and perturbed CME. I began by producing a mold with nanoscale ridges (nanoridges) through electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching, and characterized the mold to ensure suitable structures were formed. I then used the mold to optimize a UV-nanoimprint lithography method of stamp-and-lift substrate manufacturing, allowing the production of one glass-like substrate every ~15 minutes. I characterized the substrates and verified that they induce a cellular response by reliably bending the ventral cell membrane into curved shapes and by reorganizing the endocytic machinery along the sites of high induced curvature.To determine how induced plasma membrane curvature affects endocytosis, I screened genome-edited cells expressing fluorescent CME proteins or fluorescent membrane markers and developed computational tools to quantify the enrichment of endocytic proteins on curved membranes, finding that proteins across stages of CME are strongly enriched by the highest curvature induced by our substrates (75 nm ridge diameter). I then characterized the response of endocytic sites to induced curvature, finding an increase in endocytic lifetimes with high curvature that decreases as the curvature decreases, as well as an increase in mean-square displacement of endocytic sites on nanoridges specifically at late stages of CME, while the fluorescence profiles of CME proteins on nanoridges were indistinguishable from control cells. Finally, I chose to examine how protein disruptions affected endocytosis on flat Ormocomp substrates, and whether induced curvature might rescue the resulting perturbations to CME. I found that induced curvature did not rescue CME from AP2 or FCHo1/2 knockdown, indicating that stable curvature cannot bypass nucleation or early stabilization of cargo-adaptor interactions. However, AP2 localizes to nanoridges even in the absence of FCHo1/2, thought to be key stabilizers of AP2, evidence that AP2 has some intrinsic affinity for high membrane curvature. I found that induced curvature rescues endocytic site localization after clathrin disruption, evidence that clathrin’s essential function in CME is curvature stabilization. I further characterized these clathrin-knockdown sites on regions of induced membrane curvature and found that the sites turn over with a nearly identical fluorescence intensity profiles to sites in control cells, albeit with a longer lifetime, and found that endocytic cargo uptake was partially rescued by induced curvature in clathrin knockdown cells. With these data, I put forward a model in which clathrin’s key role at an endocytic site is to stabilize the evolving curvature, but that with induced curvature, an endocytic site may proceed to scission without a coat. Indeed, I found evidence through electron microscopy for formation of exactly such vesicles in clathrin-knockdown cells grown on nanofabricated ridges. These data demonstrate the fundamental importance of membrane shape in control of cell biological processes, examples of which are predicted to include endocytosis of ECM proteins and viral particles

Disposal of crown lands in British Columbia, 1871-1913

The history of the disposal of Crown lands in British Columbia is in reality the history of the economic development of the province. It covers the progress of British Columbia from its days as a hunting and trading preserve of the Hudson's Bay Company through its brief colonial period and formative years as a province down to its years of rapid settlement and development in the decade before 1913. Once the colonial period had passed, the attack upon the natural resources began in earnest. So rich and abundant did those resources of land, mine, forest, and water prove that British Columbia found itself launched into an industrial era almost before adequate legislation had been framed to deal with its land and resources. Legislation was necessary to guide the economic progress of the province and to establish regulations governing the disposal of Crown land and its appurtenant resources of mineral, timber, and water. The laws were framed always with a view to accomplishing three things - encouraging settlement, forestalling speculation, and securing revenue. Since in every case the basis of provincial legislation was to be found in the proclamations and ordinances framed from 1858 to 1864 by Governor Douglas, a survey of colonial regulations is needed to clarify subsequent policy. To assist him in framing proclamations for guiding the progress of the two colonies, Douglas looked to the Colonial Office, the terms under which the Hudson’s Bay Company had held Vancouver Island, and his own judgment. The first regulations adhered closely to principles laid down by the Colonial Office. Douglas was carefully instructed to ward off speculation in public lands by making beneficial use of the criterion of alienation. No agricultural land was to be pre-empted other than by bona fide settlers. Land was not to be sold without some guarantee that it would be improved. Timber leases were to be granted only to the operators of saw Mills. Miners could not divert water from streams unless it was needed at once. By 1871 the principle of beneficial use had been so thoroughly established in law that it was never thereafter abandoned. Practice, however, was at variance with principle and until the McBride ministry had devised adequate administrative machinery after 1909 little could be done to enforce regulations. Secondly, Douglas was instructed to reserve certain rights to the Crown. Gold, wherever found, was so reserved; by 1913, silver, coal, natural gas, and oil had been added. Land for government purposes was similarly reserved to the Crown. As for other principles, Douglas found he could not enforce them in the face of existing conditions. Sale of land by auction did not work, nor did insistence upon immediate payment. Neither principle could prevail for long. To secure money, Douglas soon discovered he must dispose of lands on easy terms. Had the Colonial Office seen fit to heed Douglas's plea to lend credit to the new Pacific colonies to relieve them of the pressing need for money, the subsequent wholesale alienation of large tracts of the best land at very low prices would have been unnecessary. Beneficial use, sale only by auction, cash sales, and survey prior to alienation could all have been firmly established and carefully supervised. As it was, British Columbia did none of these things and indeed, became the only province in Canada where land could be alienated prior to survey. Prom 1871 to 1913 British Columbia followed the pattern set in colonial days. The only reason the province retained ninety per cent of the timber stands was that, before legal safeguards were enacted, timber was regarded more as a nuisance than as an asset. But the necessity for securing revenue by selling or otherwise disposing of Crown lands on as easy terms as possible established a pattern of thinking that was to see the reckless alienation of millions of acres of land to railway promoters between 1883 and 1900. Much of the land was later repurchased. And because of the difficulties which arose between the Dominion and the province over jurisdictional conflicts stemming from the presence of a forty-mile strip of land through the heart of the province granted in exchange for rail connections with eastern Canada, enough ill-feeling was engendered to make the allotting of Indian reserve lands one of the most vexed problems In provincial history. Crown lands in unlimited quantity were disposed of to land and timber speculators and railway promoters from 1871 to 1900. Not until 1900 did provincial governments begin to question the wisdom of such wholesale alienation. Land was so eagerly sought from 1905 to 1913 that effective machinery was finally devised to regulate its disposal on terms most favourable to the province. Pre-emptions were inspected, water rights were clarified, timber lands were placed under reserve for sale of the timber by auction only, extensive surveys of agricultural lands were made, and settlement was at last directed to areas served by communication facilities. By 1913 Crown lands and their natural resources were recognized for what they were - priceless expendable assets and the people’s heritage - no longer to be disposed of heedlessly but rather to be conserved for posterity.Arts, Faculty ofHistory, Department ofGraduat