Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

Coalescence behavior of Cu nanoparticles during sintering: Based on atomic scale to macro scale

Due to the excellent electrothermal properties, outstanding resistance to electromigration and cost-effectiveness, Cu nanoparticles are considered as a promising bonding material for high-power device. However, few studies have analyzed the coalescence behavior mechanism of Cu nanoparticles during sintering under temperature dependent conditions. In this paper, a novel method combining atomic and macroscopic scales was adopted to investigate the coalescence behavior of Cu nanoparticles. The sintering microstructure and bonding quality of Cu nanoparticles at different temperatures were evaluated via in-situ Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) heating, and the evolution of dislocations and phase transitions was analyzed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to characterize the atomic scale evolution of solid-state liquid sintering process of Cu nanoparticles. The role of temperature and nanoparticle size in the sintering mechanism were investigated. The results indicate that high temperature during constant temperature sintering is beneficial for the formation of stable crystal structures in the sintering neck and reduces the generation of dislocations. Shockley dislocations can contribute to the constitution of HCP stacking fault within Cu nanoparticles, which deteriorates the sintering performance. The increase in sintering temperature prompts Cu atoms at the sintering neck to migrate horizontally rather than vertically. Compared to small-sized nanoparticles, significant driving energy was required in the sintering of large-sized nanoparticles during the continuous heating process. Shockley dislocations play a dominant role in phase transition stacking fault at high temperature. Additionally, the mechanical failure forms of Cu/Nano-Cu/Cu joints at different sintering temperatures were studied and verified through MD simulation

Hemokinin-1(4-11)-induced analgesia selectively up-regulates δ-opioid receptor expression in mice.

Our previous studies have shown that an active fragment of human tachykinins (hHK-1(4-11)) produced an opioid-independent analgesia after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection in mice, which has been markedly enhanced by a δ OR antagonist, naltrindole hydrochloride (NTI). In this study, we have further characterized the in vivo analgesia after i.c.v. injection of hHK-1(4-11) in mouse model. Our qRT-PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of several ligands and receptors (e.g. PPT-A, PPT-C, KOR, PDYN and PENK) have not changed significantly. Furthermore, neither transcription nor expression of NK1 receptor, MOR and POMC have changed noticeably. In contrast, both mRNA and protein levels of DOR have been up-regulated significantly, indicating that the enhanced expression of δ opioid receptor negatively modulates the analgesia induced by i.c.v. injection of hHK-1(4-11). Additionally, the combinatorial data from our previous and present experiments strongly suggest that the discriminable distribution sites in the central nervous system between hHK-1(4-11) and r/mHK-1 may be attributed to their discriminable analgesic effects. Altogether, our findings will not only contribute to the understanding of the complicated mechanisms regarding the nociceptive modulation of hemokinin-1 as well as its active fragments at supraspinal level, but may also lead to novel pharmacological interventions

Quantitative determination of the mRNA expression levels of the NK₁ receptor and the different preprotachykinins after i.c.v. administration of hHK-1(4-11) in mice.

<p>Representative amplification curves from the ABI7300 System Software for NK₁ receptor mRNAs, PPT-A and PPT-C mRNAs, respectively (a, b and c). Histogram showing the relative mRNA expression levels of the NK₁ receptor, PPT-A and PPT-C, respectively (A, B and C), normalized with the housekeeping gene GAPDH mRNA expression in three independent experiments. All reactions were run in triplicate and independently repeated at least three times. Each value is normalized to that of the control group injected with normal saline, which was set to a ratio of 1, and represents the mean ± SEM. There was no significant difference from the respective control.</p

Semi-quantitative determination of the protein expression levels of NK₁ receptor, MOR, POMC and DOR using the Western blotting technology after i.c.v. administration of hHK-1(4-11) compared with the control group in mice.

<p>The inset shows representative Western blots from at least three independent experiments. The bar graphs depict the relative protein expression levels of NK1 receptor (A), MOR (B), POMC (C) and DOR (D), respectively, normalized with the housekeeping protein β-actin expression in three independent experiments. The bars correspond to the standard error of mean. Significantly different from the respective control: *<i>p</i>≤0.05; **<i>p</i>≤0.01.</p

The distribution sites after i.c.v. administration of hHK-1(4-11) in mice.

<p>Representative photographs observed with the phase contrast microscope (NIKON TE2000-U, a–i) from at least three independent experiments. The identical coronal sections observed with the fluorescence microscope (NIKON TE2000-U, A–I) corresponding to the phase-contrast photographs of a–i. Scale bar = 50 µm. FAM-hHK-1(4-11): green. LV (lateral ventricle), D3V (dorsal 3rd ventricle),Cg/RS (cingulate/retrosplenial cortex), M1 (primary motor cortex), M2 (secondary motor cortex), S1HL(S1 cx, hindlimb region (primary somatosensory cortex, hindlimb region)), LSD (lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part), LSI (lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part), LSV (lateral septal nucleus, ventral part), S1BF (primary somatosensory cortex, barrel field), S1DZ (primary somatosensory cortex, dysgranular region), Or (oriens layer of the hippocampus), hf (hippocampal fissure), cc (corpus callosum), cg (cingulum), ec (external capsule), CPu (caudate putamen (striatum)), PVA (paraventricular thalamic nucleus, anteriorpart), RSA (retrosplenial agranular cortex), RSG (retrosplenial granular cortex).</p

Evidence for a large Rashba splitting in PtPb4 from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

We studied the electronic structure of PtPb4 using laser angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This material is closely related to PtSn4, which exhibits exotic topological properties such as Dirac node arcs. The Fermi surface (FS) of PtPb4 consists of two electron pockets at the center of the Brillouin zone (BZ) and several hole pockets around the zone boundaries. Our ARPES data reveal significant Rashba splitting at the Γ point, in agreement with DFT calculations. The presence of Rashba splitting may render this material of potential interest for spintronic applications.</p