Test and Measure for Partial Mean Dependence Based on Deep Neural Networks

It is of great importance to investigate the significance of a subset of covariates W for the response Y given covariates Z in regression modeling. To this end, we propose a new significance test for the partial mean independence problem based on deep neural networks and data splitting. The test statistic converges to the standard chi-squared distribution under the null hypothesis while it converges to a normal distribution under the alternative hypothesis. We also suggest a powerful ensemble algorithm based on multiple data splitting to enhance the testing power. If the null hypothesis is rejected, we propose a new partial Generalized Measure of Correlation (pGMC) to measure the partial mean dependence of Y given W after controlling for the nonlinear effect of Z, which is an interesting extension of the GMC proposed by Zheng et al. (2012). We present the appealing theoretical properties of the pGMC and establish the asymptotic normality of its estimator with the optimal root-N converge rate. Furthermore, the valid confidence interval for the pGMC is also derived. As an important special case when there is no conditional covariates Z, we also consider a new test of overall significance of covariates for the response in a model-free setting. We also introduce new estimator of GMC and derive its asymptotic normality. Numerical studies and real data analysis are also conducted to compare with existing approaches and to illustrate the validity and flexibility of our proposed procedures

Phase inversion of ionomer-stabilized emulsions to form high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs)

Herein, we report the phase inversion of ionomer-stabilized emulsions to form high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) induced by salt concentration and pH changes. The ionomers are sulfonated polystyrenes (SPSs) with different sulfonation degrees. The emulsion types were determined by conductivity measurements, confocal microscopy and optical microscopy, and the formation of HIPE organogels was verified by the tube-inversion method and rheological measurements. SPSs with high sulfonation degrees (water-soluble) and low sulfonation degrees (water-insoluble) can stabilize oil-in-water emulsions; these emulsions were transformed into water-in-oil HIPEs by varying salt concentrations and/or changing the pH. SPS, with a sulfonation degree of 11.6%, is the most efficient, and as low as 0.2 (w/v)% of the organic phase is enough to stabilize the HIPEs. Phase inversion of the oil-in-water emulsions occurred to form water-in-oil HIPEs by increasing the salt concentration in the aqueous phase. Two phase inversion points from oil-in-water emulsions to water-in-oil HIPEs were observed at pH 1 and 13. Moreover, synergetic effects between the salt concentration and pH changes occurred upon the inversion of the emulsion type. The organic phase can be a variety of organic solvents, including toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloroethane, dichloromethane and anisole, as well as monomers such as styrene, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Poly(HIPEs) were successfully prepared by the polymerization of monomers as the continuous phase in the ionomer-stabilized HIPEs

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on the crack initiation and propagation of rock with pre-existing cracks

Rock mass behavior is determined not only by the properties of the rock matrix but also mostly by the pre-existing cracks in the rock mass. Before the overall failure of rock, the crack initiation and propagation around the tip of pre-existing cracks (i.e., pre-crack) will occur and contribute to rock failure. In this paper, the deep granite from a gold mine is taken and made to specimens with the pre-crack of 0.3 mm thickness. Uniaxial compression tests are carried out on the pre-cracked specimens. The acoustic emission (AE) sensors and digital image correlation (DIC) system are employed to record the failure characteristics of the specimens. The extended finite element method (XFEM) with the non-local stress field calculation is used to simulate the crack initiation and propagation of pre-cracks. The crack patterns, opening and shearing displacements of the cracked surface, and the crack length development are obtained from numerical simulations. Finally, the effects of friction of crack surface on the crack pattern and crack propagation are investigated and discussed. It has been found that, for pre-cracked specimens, crack initiation and propagation will occur when the stress is much smaller than the rock compressive strength. And in the range of pre-crack angle 30-60°, the larger the pre-crack angle is, the larger the compressive strength is. The crack patterns from numerical simulations have a good agreement with those from experimented DIC results. Moreover, the order of crack propagation speed is consistent with the order of the compressive strength. The crack pattern and crack propagation are affected by the friction coefficient of the cracked surface

Systematic study of elliptic flow parameter in the relativistic nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC energies

We employed the new issue of a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 2.1 to systematically investigate the charged particle elliptic flow parameter $v_2$ in the relativistic nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. With randomly sampling the transverse momentum $x$ and $y$ components of the particles generated in string fragmentation on the circumference of an ellipse instead of circle originally, the calculated charged particle $v_2(\eta)$ and $v_2(p_T)$ fairly reproduce the corresponding experimental data in the Au+Au/Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=0.2/2.76 TeV. In addition, the charged particle $v_2(\eta)$ and $v_2(p_T)$ in the p+p collisions at $\sqrt s$=7 TeV as well as in the p+Au/p+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=0.2/5.02 TeV are predicted.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Methyl 2-amino-3,4,5,6-tetra­fluoro­benzoate

In the title compound, C8H5F4NO2, synthesized by esterification of 2,3,4,5-tetra­fluoro­anthranilic acid with methanol, an intra­molecular amine N—H⋯Ocarbon­yl hydrogen bond is present, while inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds produce chains in the crystal, which extend along the b-axis direction

Assessment of the key aroma compounds in rose-based products

AbstractIn this study, headspace solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and GC-olfactometry were used to analyze the key aroma compounds in three types of rose-based products, including low-temperature extracts (LTEs), high-temperature extracts (HTEs), and rose drinks (RDs). In combination with the Guadagni theory, it was confirmed that the key aroma components of LTE were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, and eugenol. The main aroma compounds in HTE were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, eugenol, linalool, and rose oxide. The four key aroma compounds in RDs were β-phenyl ethyl alcohol, eugenol, geraniol, and linalool

Development and Validation of A Rapid LC-MS/MS Method forTthe Determination of JCC76, A Novel Antitumor Agent for Breast Cancer, in Rat Plasma and Its Application to A Pharmacokinetics Study

JCC76 is a novel nimesulide analog that selectively inhibits the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression. To support further pharmacological and toxicological studies of JCC76, a novel and rapid method using liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and validated for the quantification of the compound in rat plasma. A C18 column was used for chromatographic separation, and the mobile phase was aqueous ammonium formate (pH 3.7; 5 mm)–methanol (1:9, v/v) with an isocratic elution. With a simple liquid–liquid extraction procedure using the mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether–hexane (1:2, v/v), the mean extraction efficiency of JCC76 in rat plasma was determined as 89.5–97.3% and no obvious matrix effect was observed. This method demonstrated a linear calibration range from 0.3 to 100 ng/mL for JCC76 in rat plasma and a small volume of sample consumption. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were within ±10%. The pharmacokinetics of JCC76 was also profiled using this validated method in rats. In conclusion, this rapid and sensitive method has been proven to effectively quantify JCC76 for pharmacokinetics study

catena-Poly[[[tetra­aqua­samarium(III)]-di-μ-isonicotinato-κ4 O:O′] chloride]

In the structure of the title compound, {[Sm(C6H4NO2)2(H2O)4]Cl}n, the unique SmIII atom lies on a crystallographic twofold axis and is eight-coordinated by four O atoms from four isonicotinate ligands and four water mol­ecules in a slightly distorted square-anti­prismatic coodination environment. The SmIII atoms are bridged by two carboxyl­ate groups of two isonicotinate ligands, forming an extended chain along the c-axis direction. These chains are cross-linked through hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework, with channels which accommodate the chloride anions