Fermentation Control and Ethanol Production of Total Mixed Ration Prepared with Apple Pomace and Microbial and Chemical Additives

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of moisture adjustment, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant and chemical additives on fermentation characteristics and ethanol production of a total mixed ration (TMR) containing apple (Malus domestica) pomace. The TMR was prepared with apple pomace, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, timothy, and alfalfa hay. In Experiment 1, the proportion of apple pomace was 150 g/kg of dry matter (DM), and the moisture of the TMR was unadjusted (control) or adjusted to 450, 500, and 550 g/kg, respectively. In Experiment 2, the same ingredient proportions as in experiment 1 were used and the TMR moisture was adjusted to 550 g/kg. The treatments were no additive (Control), homo-fermentative LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum, LP), hetero-fermentative LAB (Lactobacillus buchneri, LB) and calcium propionate (CP). The small-scale fermentation system was used to prepare the TMR, and their fermentation characteristics were analyzed after 60 days of ensiling. In Experiment 1, the pH of various TMRs was around 4.1. With the moisture decrease, the lactic acid increased (P \u3c 0.05), and the ammonia nitrogen decreased (P \u3c 0.05). The ethanol decreased significantly with moisture adjustment compared to the control, and the TMR with moisture of 500g/kg showed the lowest ethanol concentration (P \u3c 0.05). In Experiment 2, LP treatment increased lactic acid and decreased acetic acid and ammonia nitrogen significantly (P \u3c 0.05), while LB treatment had no effect on fermentation. Both LP and LB had no effect on the ethanol concentration. The TMR treated with CP significantly decreased the ethanol and acetic acid concentrations (P \u3c 0.05) but did not inhibit the lactic acid production compared to control. The results confirmed that adjusting moisture to 500 g/kg and adding CP could effectively inhibit the excessive production of ethanol in TMR containing apple pomace. Homo-fermentative LAB can better improve the fermentation quality of TMR than hetero-fermentative LAB, but neither can inhibit the production of ethanol

Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Forage Crops and Silage Fermentation

Six strains, Lactobacillus plantarum CM 1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CM 2, Pediococcus acidilactici CM 4 Enterococcus faecalis CM 5, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides CM 7 and Weissella paramesenteroides CM 8 isolated from forage crops were used as additives at 1.0x105 cfu g-1 of fresh matter to Italian ryegrass and alfalfa, and their effect on silage fermentation was studied. The two silage’s treated with strains CM 1, CM 2 and CM 4 were well preserved; had significantly lower pH values, butyric acid and ammonia N concentrations; and had significantly higher lactic acid content than did the respective control, strains CM 5, CM 7 and CM 8-treated silage’s. Compared with the strain CM 5-treated silage’s, strains CM 1, CM 2 and CM 4-treatments reduced the fermentation losses, but strains CM 7 and CM 8 increased the fermentation losses. The results confirmed that P. acidilactici, L. plantarum and L. casei were more effective to improve silage quality than E. faecalis, L. pseudomesenteroides and W. paramesenteroides

Characterization and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Silage Prepared in Lao PDR

Silage is now the most common preserved cattle feed in many countries and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play an important role during silage fermentation process. In order to establish an animal feed production system to cover the shortage of animal feed in the dry season of Lao PDR, silage fermentation technology is needed that has potential application in poor villages. Therefore, the characterization of LAB in various forage crops and their species identification requires further study. In the present study, the characterization of LAB species isolated from forage crops in Lao PDR was examined. In order to determine their taxonomic status, these strains were also studied by 16S rRNA sequence analysis

A YBCO RF-squid variable temperature susceptometer and its applications

The Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) susceptibility using a high-temperature radio-frequency (rf) SQUID and a normal metal pick-up coil is employed in testing weak magnetization of the sample. The magnetic moment resolution of the device is 1 x 10(exp -6) emu, and that of the susceptibility is 5 x 10(exp -6) emu/cu cm

Natural lactic acid bacteria population of tropical grasses and their fermentation factor analysis of silage prepared with cellulase and inoculant

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Waroon Khota, Suradej Pholsen, David HIggs, and Yimin Cai, 'Natural lactic acid bacteria population of tropical grasses and their fermentation factor analysis of silage prepared with cellulase and inoculant', Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 99 (12): 9768-9781, December 2016. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11180.Natural lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations in tropical grasses and their fermentation characteristics on silage prepared with cellulase enzyme and LAB inoculants were studied. A commercial inoculant Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso 1 (CH), a local selected strain Lactobacillus casei TH14 (TH14), and 2 cellulases, Acremonium cellulase (AC) and Maicelase (MC; Meiji Seika Pharma Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), were used as additives to silage preparation with fresh and wilted (6 h) Guinea grass and Napier grass. Silage was prepared using a laboratory-scale fermentation system. Treatments were CH, TH14, AC at 0.01% fresh matter, AC 0.1%, MC 0.01%, MC 0.1%, CH+AC 0.01%, CH+AC 0.1%, CH+MC 0.01%, CH+MC 0.1%, TH14+AC 0.1%, TH14+AC 0.01%, TH14+MC 0.1%, and TH14+MC 0.01%. Microorganism counts of Guinea grass and Napier grass before ensiling were 102 LAB and 106 aerobic bacteria; these increased during wilting. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, natural strains from both grasses were identified as L. plantarum, L. casei, Lactobacillus acidipiscis, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc garlicum, Weissella confusa, and Lactococcus lactis. Lactobacillus plantarum and L. casei are the dominant species and could grow at lower pH and produce more lactic acid than the other isolates. Crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were 5.8 and 83.7% of dry matter (DM) for Guinea grass, and 7.5 and 77.1% of DM for Napier grass. Guinea grass had a low level of water-soluble carbohydrates (0.39% of DM). Guinea grass silage treated with cellulase had a lower pH and higher lactic acid content than control and LAB treatments. The 0.1% AC and MC treatments had the best result for fermentation quality. All high water-soluble carbohydrate (2.38% DM) Napier grass silages showed good fermentation quality. Compared with control and LAB-inoculated silage, the cellulasetreated silages had significantly higher crude protein content and lower neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents. The results confirmed that cellulase could improve tropical silage quality, inhibiting protein degradation and promoting fiber degradation. Key words: cellulase, fermentation factor, lactic acid bacteria, tropical silagePeer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Comparative analysis of silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility of tropical grass prepared with Acremonium and Tricoderma species producing cellulases

OBJECTIVE: To find out ways of improving fermentation quality of silage, the comparative analysis of fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility of tropical grasses silage applied with cellulases produced from Acremonium or Tricoderma species were studied in Thailand. METHODS: Fresh and wilted Guinea grass and Napier grass silages were prepared with cellulases from Acremonium (AC) or Trichoderma (TC) at 0.0025%, 0.005%, and 0.01% on a fresh matter (FM), and their fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility were analyzed. RESULTS: All silages of fresh Napier grass were good quality with lower pH, butyric acid, and ammonia nitrogen, but higher lactic acid content than wilted Napier grass and Guinea grass silage. Silages treated with AC 0.01% had the best result in terms of fermentation quality. They also had higher in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility at 6 and 48 h after incubation than other silages. Silages treated with lower levels at 0.005% or 0.0025% of AC and all levels of TC did not improve silage fermentation. CONCLUSION: The AC could improve silage fermentation and in vitro degradation of Guinea grass and Napier grass silages, and the suitable addition ration is 0.01% (73.5 U) of FM for tropical silage preparation.Peer reviewe

Analysis of The Characteristics of emotional Experience in MOOC Learning

With the rapid development of massive open online courses (MOOCs), researchers have begun to pay attention to the experience of teachers and students in the MOOC classroom. Select the middle school mathematics curriculum standard and textbook research course in the MOOC platform of Chinese universities and collect 66 selfreported data of instantaneous experience and long-term experience of 10 learners on the course learning within two weeks. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out in 8 sub-dimensions, including device usage preferences and problems, and platform tool application. The purpose of the research is to investigate the learning experience of MOOC learning platform more comprehensively and deeply. The research results show that mobile learning has become the main way of MOOC learning. The appearance, education and economy of the tools displayed on the platform directly affect the learning experience of learners. Demonstration tools are highly dependent, but the frequency of application, types and functions of tools are limited, and there is a lack of awareness and application of tools that promote advanced learning, deep learning, and reflective learning; the overall emotional experience of learners is in a positive emotional state and shows a distinct group characteristic. The learning experience of MOOC is directly related to the appearance, education and economy of the display tools in the platform; Learners have diverse experience of platform communication and cooperation tools, and are highly dependent on learning content display tools in the platform; Learners' emotional experience is both positive and negative, but it is dominated by positive emotions and shows distinct group characteristics

Round-Bale Silage Preparation of Rice Straw

Rice straw is an important feed resource for ruminants. In Japan, rice straw cannot be fully dried due to the usually humid autumn season, which leads to about 70% of the production being ploughed back or incinerated. Therefore, the development of techniques to enhance the long-term preservation and quality of rice straw is of great importance. In this work, a new lactic acid bacterium was used as a silage inoculant, and its effect on round-bale silage preparation from fresh rice straw was examined