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Genome-wide association analysis reveal candidate genes and haplotypes related to root weight in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
BACKGROUND: The plant root system is critical for the absorption of water and nutrients, and have a direct influence on growth and yield. In cucumber, a globally consumed crop, the molecular mechanism of root development remains unclear, and this has implications for developing stress tolerant varieties. This study sought to determine the genetic patterns and related genes of cucumber root weight. A core cucumber germplasms population was used to do the GWAS analysis in three environments. RESULTS: Here, we investigated four root-weight related traits including root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), ratio of root dry weight to root fresh weight (RDFW) and the comprehensive evaluation index, D-value of root weight (DRW) deduced based on the above three traits for the core germplasm of the cucumber global repository. According to the D-value, we identified 21 and 16 accessions with light and heavy-root, respectively. We also found that the East Asian ecotype accessions had significantly heavier root than other three ecotypes. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these four traits reveals that 4 of 10 significant loci (gDRW3.1, gDRW3.2, gDRW4.1 and gDRW5.1) were repeatedly detected for at least two traits. Further haplotype and expression analysis for protein-coding genes positioned within these 4 loci between light and heavy-root accessions predicted five candidate genes (i.e., Csa3G132020 and Csa3G132520 both encoding F-box protein PP2-B1 for gDRW3.1, Csa3G629240 encoding a B-cell receptor-associated protein for gDRW3.2, Csa4G499330 encodes a GTP binding protein for gDRW4.1, and Csa5G286040 encodes a proteinase inhibitor for gDRW5.1). CONCLUSIONS: We conducted a systematic analysis of the root genetic basis and characteristics of cucumber core germplasms population. We detected four novel loci, which regulate the root weight in cucumber. Our study provides valuable candidate genes and haplotypes for the improvement of root system in cucumber breeding
Engineering of a Nanosized Biocatalyst for Combined Tumor Starvation and Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy
Tumor
hypoxia is one of the major challenges for the treatment
of tumors, as it may negatively affect the efficacy of various anticancer
modalities. In this study, a tumor-targeted redox-responsive composite
biocatalyst is designed and fabricated, which may combine tumor starvation
therapy and low-temperature photothermal therapy for the treatment
of oxygen-deprived tumors. The nanosystem was prepared by loading
porous hollow Prussian Blue nanoparticles (PHPBNs) with glucose oxidase
(GOx) and then coating their surface with hyaluronic acid (HA) via
redox-cleavable linkage, therefore allowing the nanocarrier to bind
specifically with CD44-overexpressing tumor cells while also exerting
control over the cargo release profile. The nanocarriers are designed
to enhance the efficacy of the hypoxia-suppressed GOx-mediated starvation
therapy by catalyzing the decomposition of intratumoral hydroperoxide
into oxygen with PHPBNs, and the enhanced glucose depletion by the
two complementary biocatalysts may consequently suppress the expression
of heat shock proteins (HSPs) after photothermal treatment to reduce
their resistance to the PHPBN-mediated low-temperature photothermal
therapies