Impact du stress de la culture in vitro sur la survie et le transcriptome embryonnaire chez le bovin. « Entre adaptation et viabilité »

Malgré l’amélioration des techniques de procréation médicalement assistée (PMA), les données recensées depuis 40 ans montrent un faible taux de gestation après transfert embryonnaire et une incidence élevée de certains syndromes périnataux. Parmi les causes de l’insuccès de la PMA, les conditions de culture de l’embryon sont sous-optimales pour le développement normal précoce, occasionnant différents stress qui affectent la qualité de l’embryon et sa compétence à produire une gestation. Afin de mieux comprendre l’impact de la PMA sur la qualité embryonnaire, des analyses de micro-puce ont montré des changements dans l’expression de plusieurs centaines de gènes chez les embryons produits par culture in vitro en comparaison à ceux produits in vivo. Cependant, les changements transcriptomiques spécifiquement associés à la baisse de qualité embryonnaire restent encore indéterminés. En hypothèse, nous supposons que l’étude des différences transcriptomiques résultant spécifiquement du stress de la culture permette de déterminer les profiles d’expression génique directement associés à la mauvaise qualité des embryons en culture. Dans ce contexte, nos objectifs consistaient à moduler le niveau de stress en culture afin d’affecter la survie embryonnaire, puis de comparer les gènes différentiellement exprimés entre embryons contrôles et embryons stressés (analyse par miro-puce et RT-qPCR). Pour ce faire, l’exposition à un stress énergétique, oxydatif ou lipidique a été utilisée séparément pour départager les différents effets de la culture sur le développement de l’embryon bovin. Les résultats de ce projet ont mis en évidence l’impact progressif du stress énergétique en culture sur le métabolisme de l’effet Warburg, un processus développemental permettant une adaptation pathologique aux dysfonctions mitochondriales. Par la suite, l’impact du stress oxydatif a révélé des réactions inflammatoires et fibrotiques en association à la baisse de qualité embryonnaire. Enfin, l’impact du sérum et des lipides s’est traduit par un profil indiquant des perturbations inflammatoires et métaboliques, complétant notre étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la réponse au stress de la culture. En conclusion, ce projet a permis de caractériser des bio-marqueurs récurrents du stress embryonnaire chez le bovin, ouvrant à des perspectives du diagnostique de la viabilité embryonnaire et du développement d’alternatives pour mieux cultiver les embryons précoces.For 40 years, assisted reproductive technologies have given life to millions of offspring (human and others mammals), however numerous studies have reported lower gestational survival after embryo transfer and higher risk of perinatal syndromes. One reason for ART disappointment is the lower quality of produced embryos as a result of suboptimal condition of in vitro culture (IVC). In vitro environment induces stresses that affect viability and then gestational competence. To better understand the impact of ART on embryo quality in the bovine, transcriptomic analyses have detected differential expression in hundreds of genes in IVC embryos compared to theirs in vivo counterparts. However, how the differentially expressed genes translate into developmentally compromised embryos is unresolved. Here, we hypothesized that analyzing the gene expression specifically associated to increased stress conditions of in vitro culture could identify the transcriptomic signature associated with the compromised quality of ART-derived embryos. Therefore, our strategy used microarray technology to characterize transcriptomic markers expressed by bovine blastocysts cultured in conditions which are known to impair embryo development. Separate exposure to high glucose stress, oxidative stress and high lipid stress conditions were used to exaggerate the IVC impact on embryo viability in the bovine model. Results highlighted the progressive impact of energetic stress on the Warburg metabolism, a developmental process that allows pathological adaptation to mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the analysis of embryonic response to oxidative stress showed the implication of inflammatory and fibrosis-like reaction to pro-oxidant exposure, and the association with embryonic quality. Finally, our last study showed the impact of serum and lipids on both metabolic and inflammatory response, complementing the identification of the developmental mechanisms underlying the stress response to sub-optimal IVC conditions. To conclude, we have characterized biomarkers of embryonic stress in the bovine, offering perspectives in the diagnostic of embryonic viability and the development of alternatives to ameliorate the culture conditions for early embryos

Metformin intervention prevents cardiac dysfunction in a murine model of adult congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent birth defect worldwide. The number of adult patients with CHD, now referred to as ACHD, is increasing with improved surgical and treatment interventions. However the mechanisms whereby ACHD predisposes patients to heart dysfunction are still unclear. ACHD is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, but how ACHD interacts with poor modern lifestyle choices and other comorbidities, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, is mostly unknown. METHODS: We used a newly characterized mouse genetic model of ACHD to investigate the consequences and the mechanisms associated with combined obesity and ACHD predisposition. Metformin intervention was used to further evaluate potential therapeutic amelioration of cardiac dysfunction in this model. RESULTS: ACHD mice placed under metabolic stress (high fat diet) displayed decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. Comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis showed that ACHD hearts exhibited early changes in energy metabolism with increased glucose dependence as main cardiac energy source. These changes preceded cardiac dysfunction mediated by exposure to high fat diet and were associated with increased disease severity. Restoration of metabolic balance by metformin administration prevented the development of heart dysfunction in ACHD predisposed mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that early metabolic impairment reinforces heart dysfunction in ACHD predisposed individuals and diet or pharmacological interventions can be used to modulate heart function and attenuate heart failure. Our study suggests that interactions between genetic and metabolic disturbances ultimately lead to the clinical presentation of heart failure in patients with ACHD. Early manipulation of energy metabolism may be an important avenue for intervention in ACHD patients to prevent or delay onset of heart failure and secondary comorbidities. These interactions raise the prospect for a translational reassessment of ACHD presentation in the clinic

Kinins and Their Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Retinal Pathologies

The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) contributes to retinal inflammation and neovascularization, notably in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Bradykinin type 1 (B1R) and type 2 (B2R) receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that sense and mediate the effects of kinins. While B2R is constitutively expressed and regulates a plethora of physiological processes, B1R is almost undetectable under physiological conditions and contributes to pathological inflammation. Several KKS components (kininogens, tissue and plasma kallikreins, and kinin receptors) are overexpressed in human and animal models of retinal diseases, and their inhibition, particularly B1R, reduces inflammation and pathological neovascularization. In this review, we provide an overview of the KKS with emphasis on kinin receptors in the healthy retina and their detrimental roles in DR and AMD. We highlight the crosstalk between the KKS and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which is known to be detrimental in ocular pathologies. Targeting the KKS, particularly the B1R, is a promising therapy in retinal diseases, and B1R may represent an effector of the detrimental effects of RAS (Ang II-AT1R)

Deletion of the Complex I Subunit NDUFS4 Adversely Modulates Cellular Differentiation

The vast majority of cellular ATP is produced by the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which comprises the four complexes of the electron transfer chain plus the ATP synthase. Complex I is the largest of the OXPHOS complexes, and mutation of the genes encoding either the subunits or assembly factors of Complex I can result in Complex I deficiency, which is the most common OXPHOS disorder. Mutations in the Complex I gene NDUFS4 lead to Leigh syndrome, which is the most frequent presentation of Complex I deficiency in children presenting with progressive encephalopathy shortly after birth. Symptoms include motor and intellectual retardation, often accompanied by dystonia, ataxia, and growth retardation, and most patients die by 3 years of age. To understand the origins of this disease, we have generated a series of mouse embryonic stem cell lines from blastocysts that were wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous for the deletion of the Ndufs4 gene. We have demonstrated their pluripotency and potential to differentiate into all cell types of the body. Although the loss of Ndufs4 did not affect the stability of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, there were significant differences in patterns of chromosomal gene expression following both spontaneous differentiation and directed neural differentiation into astrocytes. The defect also affected the potential of the cells to generate beating embryoid bodies. These outcomes demonstrate that defects associated with Complex I deficiency affect early gene expression patterns, which escalate during early and later stages of differentiation and are mediated by the defect and not other chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA defects

Restoration of normal embryogenesis by mitochondrial supplementation in pig oocytes exhibiting mitochondrial DNA deficiency

An increasing number of women fail to achieve pregnancy due to either failed fertilization or embryo arrest during preimplantation development. This often results from decreased oocyte quality. Indeed, reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number (mitochondrial DNA deficiency) may disrupt oocyte quality in some women. To overcome mitochondrial DNA deficiency, whilst maintaining genetic identity, we supplemented pig oocytes selected for mitochondrial DNA deficiency, reduced cytoplasmic maturation and lower developmental competence, with autologous populations of mitochondrial isolate at fertilization. Supplementation increased development to blastocyst, the final stage of preimplantation development, and promoted mitochondrial DNA replication prior to embryonic genome activation in mitochondrial DNA deficient oocytes but not in oocytes with normal levels of mitochondrial DNA. Blastocysts exhibited transcriptome profiles more closely resembling those of blastocysts from developmentally competent oocytes. Furthermore, mitochondrial supplementation reduced gene expression patterns associated with metabolic disorders that were identified in blastocysts from mitochondrial DNA deficient oocytes. These results demonstrate the importance of the oocyte’s mitochondrial DNA investment in fertilization outcome and subsequent embryo development to mitochondrial DNA deficient oocytes

Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders

Abstract The light‐sensitive photoreceptors in the retina are extremely metabolically demanding and have the highest density of mitochondria of any cell in the body. Both physiological and pathological retinal vascular growth and regression are controlled by photoreceptor energy demands. It is critical to understand the energy demands of photoreceptors and fuel sources supplying them to understand neurovascular diseases. Retinas are very rich in lipids, which are continuously recycled as lipid‐rich photoreceptor outer segments are shed and reformed and dietary intake of lipids modulates retinal lipid composition. Lipids (as well as glucose) are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria. Dyslipidemia contributes to the development and progression of retinal dysfunction in many eye diseases. Here, we review photoreceptor energy demands with a focus on lipid metabolism in retinal neurovascular disorders

Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders

The light-sensitive photoreceptors in the retina are extremely metabolically demanding and have the highest density of mitochondria of any cell in the body. Both physiological and pathological retinal vascular growth and regression are controlled by photoreceptor energy demands. It is critical to understand the energy demands of photoreceptors and fuel sources supplying them to understand neurovascular diseases. Retinas are very rich in lipids, which are continuously recycled as lipid-rich photoreceptor outer segments are shed and reformed and dietary intake of lipids modulates retinal lipid composition. Lipids (as well as glucose) are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria. Dyslipidemia contributes to the development and progression of retinal dysfunction in many eye diseases. Here, we review photoreceptor energy demands with a focus on lipid metabolism in retinal neurovascular disorders