Fuzzy Logic Based Ventilation for Controlling Harmful Gases in Livestock Houses

There are many factors that influence the health and productivity of the animals in livestock production fields, including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), physical activity and particulate matter. High NH3 concentrations reduce feed consumption and cause daily weight gain. At high concentrations, H2S causes respiratory problems and CO2, displace oxygen, which can cause suffocation or asphyxiation. Good air quality in livestock facilities can have an impact on the health and well-being of animals and humans. Air quality assessment is basically depend on strictly given limits without taking into account specific local conditions between harmful gases and other meteorological factors. The stated limitations may be eliminated. using controlling systems based on neural networks and fuzzy logic. This paper describes a fuzzy logic based ventilation algorithm, which can calculate different fan speeds under pre-defined boundary conditions, for removing harmful gases from the production environment. In the paper, a novel fuzzy logic model has been developed based on a Mamedani’s fuzzy method. The model has been built on MATLAB software. As the result, optimum fan speeds under pre-defined boundary conditions have been presented

Structural Strength Analysis of a Rotary Drum Mower in Transportation Position

A rotary drum mower is a tractor-mounted harvester used for harvesting green fodder plants in agricultural fields. During transportation, it experiences significant dynamic road reaction forces that can cause deformation and functional failures. This study focuses on analysing the deformation behaviour of the machine during transportation to test the machine’s failure condition. To conduct the strength analysis, a total work cycle scenario reflecting actual load conditions and design challenges was created. Experimental strain-gauge-based stress analysis and advanced computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulation methods were employed. The study successfully conducted experimental stress analysis, 3D solid modelling, and validated finite element analysis (FEA). A comparison between experimental and simulation results showed an average relative difference of 24.25% with a maximum absolute difference of approximately 5 MPa. No functional failure issues were observed during physical experiments. The study also revealed that the mean dynamic loading value, when compared to the static linkage position, was calculated as 3.65 ± 0.40. Overall, this research provides a valuable approach for future studies on complex stress and deformation evaluations of agricultural machinery and equipment

Nonlinear FEM based high-speed shell shattering simulation for shelled edible agricultural products:Pecan fruit shattering

This paper introduces an advanced engineering simulation procedure for the nonlinear finite element method (FEM) based high-speed shattering case of shelled edible agricultural products. A high-speed impactor which is targeted at the Pecan fruit (kernel-in-shell) was considered in this case study. Physical compression tests were conducted on Pecan fruit specimens and experimental deformation characteristics were utilized to describe realistic material models in the FEM based engineering simulation. Subsequently, a reverse engineering approach was employed in the solid modeling stage and the Pecan shell shattering case under high-speed loading was simulated, considering the explicit dynamics approach. The effect of the high loading rate on the deformation characteristics of the Pecan fruit components was observed. Visual outputs from the simulation revealed the shattering behavior of the Pecan fruit components under defined boundary conditions. In addition to useful visual simulation outputs, time-dependant stress distributions on the Pecan fruit under high-speed loading rates were represented using graphs. Simulation results have revealed that maximum equivalent stress values were 7.1 (MPa), 5.1 (MPa), and 0.336 (MPa) for shell, packing material, and kernel, respectively. Maximum reaction force at impact was calculated as 996,000 (N). This work contributes to further research into the use of nonlinear numerical method based high-speed deformation simulation studies for shelled edible agricultural products

A Numerical Method-Based Analysis of the Structural Deformation Behaviour of a Turkish String Instrument (Cura Baglama) under Varying String Tensions

This study focuses on the structural design analysis of a cura baglama, a traditional Turkish string instrument that does not have in place a regulated set of manufacturing standards to follow. The aim therefore is to introduce a structural deformation analysis for a sample cura baglama in three different string tensions via a numerical method-based engineering analysis technique. The three-dimensional solid model of a sample cura baglama was created using a 3D scanner and parametric 3D solid modelling software. Based on experimental frequency analysis, structural deformation analyses of the instrument were conducted using finite element method-based engineering simulation techniques. The simulation results revealed useful visual and numerical outputs related to the deformation behaviour of the instrument under pre-defined boundary conditions. A maximum deformation of 0.223 mm on the soundboard (at the D3 tune) and a maximum equivalent stress of 18.325 MPa on the bridge (at the D3 tune) were calculated. The outputs of this research contribute to further research into the usage of numerical method-based deformation simulation studies related to the standardisation, development, and preservation of such traditional string instruments

Structural strength analysis of a rotary drum mower during harvesting

A Rotary Drum Mower (RDM) is a tractor-mounted mechanism used for harvesting green fodder crops. It faces dynamic forces from rough field surfaces and cutting resistance, posing design challenges and potential failures. This study aims to present a well-designed procedure for analysing the structural strength of an RDM during harvesting, employing both experimental and engineering simulation methods. A specific harvesting scenario was created to simulate realistic load conditions. Experimental testing and advanced computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations were conducted. Tractor Power Take-off (PTO) torque measurements during harvesting revealed values of 231.07 Nm, 264.44 Nm, and 269.39 Nm at speeds of 8.56 km h-1, 12.6 km h-1, and 16.23 km h-1, respectively. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to determine stress levels in the RDM components (RDM165-A-004, RDM165-B-003, and RDM165-B-004). The FEA stress results ranged from 5.070 MPa to 20.600 MPa, 13.800 MPa to 28.600 MPa, and 5.400 MPa to 27.550 MPa, respectively. Experimental testing yielded stress results ranging from 2.127 MPa to 18.600 MPa, 14.618 MPa to 33.229 MPa, and 8.838 MPa to 31.248 MPa, respectively. The comparison between experimental and FEA results showed reasonable correlation. FEA visual outputs provided insights into the maximum equivalent stress and deformation distributions on the RDM, with no indications of failure in the machine's structure observed in either the experimental or numerical analyses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the machine analysed operates safely under harvesting conditions. Moreover, the combination of experimental and advanced CAE methodologies presented in this research offers a valuable approach for future investigations into the complex stress and deformation evaluations of rotary drum mowers

Structural strength analysis of a rotary drum mower during harvesting

A Rotary Drum Mower (RDM) is a tractor-mounted mechanism used for harvesting green fodder crops. It faces dynamic forces from rough field surfaces and cutting resistance, posing design challenges and potential failures. This study aims to present a well-designed procedure for analysing the structural strength of an RDM during harvesting, employing both experimental and engineering simulation methods. A specific harvesting scenario was created to simulate realistic load conditions. Experimental testing and advanced computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations were conducted. Tractor Power Take-off (PTO) torque measurements during harvesting revealed values of 231.07 Nm, 264.44 Nm, and 269.39 Nm at speeds of 8.56 km h-1, 12.6 km h-1, and 16.23 km h-1, respectively. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to determine stress levels in the RDM components (RDM165-A-004, RDM165-B-003, and RDM165-B-004). The FEA stress results ranged from 5.070 MPa to 20.600 MPa, 13.800 MPa to 28.600 MPa, and 5.400 MPa to 27.550 MPa, respectively. Experimental testing yielded stress results ranging from 2.127 MPa to 18.600 MPa, 14.618 MPa to 33.229 MPa, and 8.838 MPa to 31.248 MPa, respectively. The comparison between experimental and FEA results showed reasonable correlation. FEA visual outputs provided insights into the maximum equivalent stress and deformation distributions on the RDM, with no indications of failure in the machine's structure observed in either the experimental or numerical analyses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the machine analysed operates safely under harvesting conditions. Moreover, the combination of experimental and advanced CAE methodologies presented in this research offers a valuable approach for future investigations into the complex stress and deformation evaluations of rotary drum mowers

Strength-based Design Analysis of a Para-Plow Tillage Tool

In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering (CAD and CAE) based application algorithm was developed and tested. The algorithm was put into practice through a case study on the strength-based structural design analysis of a Para-Plow tillage tool. Para-Plow is an effective tractor attached tillage tool utilised as an alternative to the conventional deep tillage tools used in agricultural tillage operations. During heavy tillage operations, the Para-Plow experiences highly dynamic soil reaction forces which may cause undesired deformations and functional failures on its structural elements. Here, prediction of the deformation behaviour of the tool structure during tillage operation in order to describe optimum structural design parameters for the tool elements and produce a functionally durable tool become an important issue. In the field experiments, draft force and strain-gauge based measurements on the tool were carried out simultaneously. Subsequently, Finite Element Method based stress analysis (FEA) were employed in order to simulate deformation behaviour of the tool under consideration of the maximum loading (worst-case scenario) conditions tested in the field. In the field experiments, average and maximum resultant draft forces were measured as 33,514 N and 51,716 N respectively. The FEA revealed that the maximum deformation value of the tool was 9.768 mm and the maximum stress values impart a change on the most critical structural elements of between 50 and 150 MPa under a worst-case loading scenario. Additionally, a validation study revealed that minimum and maximum relative differences for the equivalent stress values between experimental and simulation results were 5.17% and 30.19% respectively. This indicated that the results obtained from both the experimental and simulation are reasonably in union and there were no signs of plastic deformation on the Para-Plow elements (according to the material yield point) under pre-defined loading conditions and a structural optimisation on some of the structural elements may also be possible. This research provides a useful strategy for informing further research on complicated stress and deformation analyses of related agricultural equipment and machinery through experimental and advanced CAE techniques

The state of additive manufacturing in dental research – A systematic scoping review of 2012–2022

Background/purpose: Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has the potential to transform the industry. While there have been advancements in using AM for dental restorations, there is still a need for further research to develop functional biomedical and dental materials. It’s crucial to understand the current status of AM technology and research trends to advance dental research in this field. The aim of this study is to reveal the current status of international scientific publications in the field of dental research related to AM technologies. Materials and methods: In this study, a systematic scoping review was conducted using appropriate keywords within the scope of international scientific publishing databases (PubMed and Web of Science). The review included related clinical and laboratory research, including both human and animal studies, case reports, review articles, and questionnaire studies. A total of 187 research studies were evaluated for quantitative synthesis in this review. Results: The findings highlighted a rising trend in research numbers over the years (From 2012 to 2022). The most publications were produced in 2020 and 2021, with annual percentage increases of 25.7% and 26.2%, respectively. The majority of AM-related publications in dentistry research originate from Korea. The pioneer dental sub-fields with the ost publications in its category are prosthodontics and implantology, respectively. Conclusion: The final review result clearly stated an expectation for the future that the research in dentistry would concentrate on AM technologies in order to increase the new product and process development in dental materials, tools, implants and new generation modelling strategy related to AM. The results of this work can be used as indicators of trends related to AM research in dentistry and/or as prospects for future publication expectations in this field

Determination of Time Dependent Stress Distribution on a Potato Tuber during Drop Case

Realistic representation of time-dependent internal stress progression and deformation behaviour of a potato tuber during a sample drop case has been studied in this paper. A reverse engineering approach, compressive tests, slow motion camera records and finite element analysis (FEA) were employed to analyse the drop case deformation behaviour of a sample potato tuber. Simulation results provided useful numerical data and stress distribution visuals. The numerical results are presented in a format that can be used for the determination of bruise susceptibility magnitude on solid-like agricultural products during drop case. The visual observations revealed that slow motion camera images and simulation printouts were in good correlation. The modulus of elasticity of the potato specimens was calculated from experimental data to be 3.12 [MPa] and simulation results showed that the maximum equivalent stress was 0.526 [MPa] on the tuber. This value for stress indicates that bruising is not likely on the tuber under a pre-defined drop height. In order to test the simulation accuracy, empirical and simulation-based estimates for total energy in this drop case were compared. The relative difference between empirical and simulation results was 1.27 %. This study provide a good “how to do” guide to further research on the utilisation of (FEM)-based time-dependent simulation approach in complex mechanical impact based damaging analyses and industry focused applications related to solid-like agricultural products such as potato

The Effects of Various LED Light Wavelengths to the Physiological and Morphological Parameters of Stevia (<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>) Bertoni

In this study, it was investigated the growth of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under various wavelengths of LED lamp (Light Emitting Diodes), which can emit daylight (cool white; 400–700 nm), red (620–630 nm) and blue (465–485 nm) wavelengths of the light in the electromagnetic spectrum. In all applications, quantity of PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) was adjusted as 150 µmol.m-2 s-1. Study had maintained in plant breeding cabin 16 hours light and 8 hours dark environment. Results demonstrated that while the highest plant height was determined in the “30% blue light+ 70% red light” application, the highest stem length was found in the “50% blue light + 50% red light” application. In addition, the number of the stems reached the highest value in the “70% blue light + 30% red light” application. Consequently, a correlation was observed between negative “a” value and the amount of chlorophyll. Because of the hereby obtained results, comparing to other applications, the “50% blue light + 50% red light” was found as the best light application to obtain optimum yield values of stevia