The Scottish poor law, 1745-1845

Summary available [p. iv

Idiopathic Obturator Internus Strain in a Collegiate Tennis Player: A Case Report

Objective: Present a clinical case detailing the evaluation and treatment of an idiopathic obturator internus strain in a collegiate tennis player. Background: Isolated injury to the obturator internus muscle is uncommon. In cases that do present, patients often report often report a mechanism for injury involving falling or kicking. In previously reported cases, diagnosis is confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment: Patient presented to the athletic training clinic complaining of left hip external rotator tightness and pain, and was unable to recall a mechanism of injury. Following the failure of conservative treatment, final diagnosis of a grade II obturator internus strain was made via magnetic resonance imaging. Using the confirmed diagnosis, the athletic training staff was able to progress strengthening and range of motion exercises until the patient returned to competition six weeks post injury. Conclusion: Obturator internus strains are possible causes of posterior hip pain and tightness. Currently, there are no reliable evaluation techniques for the obturator internus that do not involve diagnostic imaging. Further research needs to be conducted to determine if there are any signs and symptoms specific to obturator internus injuries

Constructing household specific consumer price indexes : an analysis of different techniques and methods

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1997 National Bureau of Economic Research Summer Institute on Price Index MeasurementThe primary purpose of this study is to produce household specific price indexes for consumer units or households living in the United States in the early 1990s. This paper is a report on how these household specific indexes were created. With household specific indexes, households are assumed to have nonhomothetic preferences, so changes in prices involve relative price changes between different sets of commodities and the resulting indexes will differ systematically between different households. We examine several different approaches to construct these indexes. Our indexes are based on internal U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) data for 1990-91 and Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (CPI) data from winter 1981, 1987, and 1991. Our base period is 1990-91. Using these data we produce Paasche type household specific indexes. In addition we propose an alternative definition of total expenditures, based on the CPI market basket commodity space, to be used for welfare analysis. Our underlying motivation for conducting this study was to compare real welfare inequality in Spain and the U.S. in the 1980s for another study (Garner et al. forthcoming 1997). Because of this comparison, we were somewhat restricted in our approach. CEX data are used to calculate CPI market basket item budget shares for each interviewed household. Price indexes are merged with the household budget data at various levels of geographic and market basket item aggregation, and the variability in these indexes are compared in order to measure the value of using detailed consumption space over aggregated consumption space. In this study we introduce two novel approaches to producing household specific price indexes using BLS data. First, expenditure data from the Consumer Expenditure Diary survey, which is more detailed than the Interview, are used to impute missing consumption items for the Interview households. And second, a method to impute household indexes for the rural population is presented. Two different types of samples, horizontal and vertical (based on assumptions about the Interview households selected to define the base period), are used to provide the weights for the price indexes. Indexes are presented based on Interview only items and all items commodity spaces for the horizontal and vertical samples with additional indexes produced for consumer units living in urban and rural areas. From our study we conclude that indexes based on expenditures for the horizontal and vertical samples do not differ significantly for the time periods of our study. However, differences in the indexes do result for the urban versus rural samples, with consumer units living in urban areas facing greater changes in relative prices than are faced by consumer units living in rural areas. The all-item indexes produced slightly higher index values than did the Interview-only item indexes. Relative prices appear to be pro-poor during the 1980s

Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccination Among Occupational Therapy Professionals and Students in Early 2021

Purpose: After the widespread transmission of the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the first COVID-19 vaccination received emergency use authorization in the United States in December of 2020. Current research has shown the authorized COVID-19 vaccines to be safe and effective at preventing severe illness. At the time of this study, there appears to be no published research on the attitudes and receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations among occupational therapy professionals and students. The purpose of this study is to describe the attitudes and receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations among occupational therapy professionals and students in early 2021. Methods: A total of 114 occupational therapy professionals and students (age= 41 ± 15, years of certified experience = 13 ± 13) opened the survey link and completed the instrument. Participants were sent an electronic survey via email that collected demographic information and assessed attitudes and receipt of COVID-19 vaccination. Data was downloaded and analyzed using a commercially available statistics package. Results: The majority of occupational therapy professionals in this study agreed on some level that they were comfortable (Strongly Agree = 36.0%, Agree = 16.7%, Somewhat Agree = 10.5%). Most occupational therapy professionals and students stated they had or would receive a COVID-19 vaccination. The majority of participants reported personal, household, and community safety as the primary considerations for receiving a COVID-19 vaccination. In general, these factors were a larger factor for participants than public perception or personal liberties being infringed upon. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest a majority of occupational therapy professionals and students are comfortable with the current level of approvals for available COVID-19 vaccinations, and at the time of the survey had or intending to be vaccinated. As occupational therapy professionals and students continue to work in day-to-day patient care, it is imperative to consider the best means of educating occupational therapy professionals and students on the potential benefits of COVID-19 vaccinations

Effect of Cupping Therapy on Skin Surface Temperature in Healthy Individuals

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cupping therapy on skin surface temperature, and therefore local blood flow, at the medial forearm. Methods: 32 healthy subjects [13 females (age = 21.14 ± 1.70, height = 168.00 ± 9.70 cm, mass = 67.07 ± 16.93) and 16 males (age = 21.78 ± 1.90, height = 180.62 ± 6.09, mass = 88.35 ± 14.66) participated in this study. A mark was made with a permanent marker 7 cm distal to the medial forearm. Cupping therapy was performed over this mark with the use of a plastic pump cup for 15 minutes. Every 5 minutes the cup was removed in order for skin surface temperature to be taken. Skin surface temperature was taken with the use of an infrared thermometer at base line, 5 minutes into treatment, 10 minutes into treatment, 15 minutes into treatment, and 5 minutes after treatment. A one way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to analyze the difference in skin surface temperature over time. Significance was set at an alpha level p \u3c 0.05. Results: Significant differences were found between all conditions (baseline = 89.37 ± 2.09, 5 minutes into treatment = 90.49 ± 2.08, 10 minutes into treatment = 91.65 ± 2.18, 15 minutes into treatment = 91.62 ± 2.26, 5 minutes after treatment = 92.40 ± 2.03, p \u3c 0.001). Conclusion: A single cupping therapy treatment appears to significantly increase skin surface temperature at the treatment site. Increases in skin surface temperature have been suggested as a representation of increases in local blood flow. These findings suggest that a single cupping therapy treatment may increase local blood flow at the medial forearm

Fracture of a Heterotopic Ossification of the Syndesmosis in a Collegiate Football Player: A Case Report.

Objective: Present a clinical case detailing the assessment and management of a collegiate football player suffering from the fracturing of a heterotopic ossification of the syndesmosis. Background: Heterotopic ossifications are not uncommon following surgical fixation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. Typically, properly healed fibular fractures do not result in further complications associated with heterotopic ossification. Treatment: A 21-year-old collegiate football player (1.8 m, 77.1 kg) reported to the athletic training staff complaining of acute lateral ankle pain following a plant and twist mechanism while running receiving routes. Initial evaluation led to a diagnosis of a syndesmotic ankle sprain, with a plan to pursue conservative management. When patient was unable to participate in the following practice due to intensity of pain, the patient was referred for x-rays a revealed poorly healed Weber Type C fracture that had been mislabeled as a Maisonneuve fracture at the patient’s previous university. This previous injury led to a heterotopic ossification of the syndesmosis that had fractured during the more recent injury. With this new diagnosis, the patient consented to conservative treatment that allowed the patient to return to football activities the following offseason. Uniqueness: While heterotopic ossification of the ankle syndesmosis has been reported in literature, there has yet to be extensive research on the condition. Generally, when these ossifications become symptomatic best practices involve surgical removal. In spite of presenting with symptoms, the patient was able to return to full participation following conservative treatment. Conclusion: When providing patient care, accurate diagnosis is crucial to optimal outcomes. Caring for patients in a collegiate setting presents a unique number of instances of patient care transfer, which may make previous misdiagnosis hard to recognize. Diligent health care practitioners should always ensure that a comprehensive medical history is obtained in order to make an accurate assessment. Keywords: Heterotopic ossification, syndesmosis, ankl

Utilization of Cupping Therapy in the Treatment of Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in a Collegiate Pitcher: A Case Study

Objective: Present a clinical case detailing the effectiveness of dry cupping therapy in treating thoracic outlet syndrome. The utilization of dry cupping therapy on a 20-year-old collegiate baseball pitcher with diagnosed thoracic outlet syndrome is presented. Background: Thoracic outlet syndrome is a relatively rare musculoskeletal condition affecting 1/100,000 patients annually. Dry cupping therapy is an ancient therapeutic modality that utilizes various means of suction with the goal of decompressing myofascial layers. Treatment: Following diagnosis, patient was successfully treated in two weeks using dry cupping therapy. The patient experienced no further incidence of thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms and was able to complete the remainder of his competitive season. Uniqueness: The patient’s thoracic outlet syndrome was diagnosed at an early stage, leading to the need of clearance from a vascular specialist before returning to competition. To the author’s knowledge, there are currently no published case reports detailing the use of cupping therapy to treat thoracic outlet syndrome. Conclusion: Cupping therapy may be a viable treatment option when seeking to address tight musculature. Further research needs to be conducted to determine optimal parameters for cupping therapy as a therapeutic modality

Idiopathic Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Laxity in a Collegiate Baseball Player: A Case Report

Objective: Present a clinical case detailing the assessment and management of a collegiate baseball player suffering from symptomatic laxity of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Background: Injuries to the proximal tibiofibular joint are rare, and generally accompanied by some form of trauma. Typically, dislocations of the proximal tibiofibular joint occur in an anterior direction, and require reduction and possible fixation as a first course of treatment. Treatment: A 20-year-old collegiate baseball player reported to the athletic training clinic complaining of idiopathic lateral right knee pain. The patient could not recall a mechanism, but recalled an insidious onset of pain that had begun two months prior to reporting to the athletic training staff. There has been some documentation of patients presenting with congenitally lax proximal tibiofibular ligaments, but at this time there is no demographic information on this patient population. Uniqueness: Most cases of proximal tibiofibular laxity occur as a result of trauma. In this patient’s case, there was no specific mechanism of injury or site morbidity to suggest an injury had occurred. Additionally, the patient was able to develop dynamic, and functional stability before regaining static stability. Conclusion: Anatomical abnormalities offer clinicians a unique opportunity to explore multiple levels of problem solving and patient assessment. Further research needs to be conducted to provide demographic data and treatment options for patients suffering from proximal tibiofibular joint laxity

Hydrodynamic Equations in Quantum Hall Systems at Large Currents

Hydrodynamic equations (HDEQs) are derived which describe spatio-temporal evolutions of the electron temperature and the chemical potential of two-dimensional systems in strong magnetic fields in states with large diagonal resistivity appearing at the breakdown of the quantum Hall effect. The derivation is based on microscopic electronic processes consisting of drift motions in a slowly-fluctuating potential and scattering processes due to electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. In contrast with the usual HDEQs, one of the derived HDEQs has a term with an energy flux perpendicular to the electric field due to the drift motions in the magnetic field. As an illustration, the current distribution is calculated using the derived HDEQs.Comment: 10 pages, 2 Postscript figures, to be published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71 (2002) No.