Le numérique éducatif à l'école élémentaire en tension entre politiques nationales, politiques locales et logiques d'appropriation par les enseignants

International audienceCet article rend compte d'un travail de recherche réalisé par le laboratoire Techné de l'université de Poitiers portant sur le numérique éducatif à l'école élémentaire en France métropolitaine. Il découle d'une étude menée entre 2018 et 2019 et dont les principaux résultats ont été transmis à la Cour des comptes dans le cadre d'une contribution à ses travaux sur le sujet. Après une présentation des principaux résultats de l'étude centrale dans la première partie de l'article, les deux parties suivantes proposent d'aborder deux prolongements spécifiques identifiés : les liens entre équipements numériques disponibles et usages des enseignants et la confrontation entre politiques publiques et discours de terrain

Outstanding micro-endemism in New Caledonia: More than one out of ten animal species have a very restricted distribution range

<div><p>New Caledonia is a biodiversity hotspot, with an extremely high number of endemic species with narrow distribution ranges that are at high risk of extinction due to open-cast nickel mining, invasive species and seasonal man-induced fires. Mentions of micro-endemism permeate the literature on the biota of this archipelago. However, so far there has been no research comparing distribution range in different animal groups. The aim of this study is to examine the implication of different sampling effort variables in order to distinguish micro-endemicity from data deficiency, and evaluate the distribution range, frequency, and extent to which micro-endemism is common to several groups of organisms. We compiled a dataset derived from publications in <i>Zoologia Neocaledonica</i>, comprising 1,149 species, of which 86% are endemic to New Caledonia. We found that the sampling effort variables that were best correlated with distribution range were the number of sampling dates and the number of collectors <i>per</i> species. The median value of sampling dates was used to establish a cut-off point for defining adequately sampled species. We showed that, although only 52% of species were sampled adequately enough to determine their distribution range, the number of species with a very narrow distribution range was still high. Among endemics from New Caledonia, 12% (116 species) have ranges ≤5.2km² and 3.9% (38 species) have ranges between 23 and 100 km². Surprisingly, a similar trend was observed in non-endemic species: 22% occurred in areas ≤ 5.2 km², and 8% in areas 23–100 km², suggesting that environmental dissimilarity may play an important role in the distribution of these species. Micro-endemic species were predominant in 18 out of 20 orders. These results will contribute to a re-assessment of the IUCN red list of species in this archipelago, indicating that at least 116 species are probably critically endangered.</p></div

Blattellinae

Subfamily: Blattellinae &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blattella germanica&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1767)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blatta germanica&lt;/i&gt; Linnaeus, 1767: 688.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Sincank&ouml;y-Ankara (Turkey). General distribution: cosmopolitan, probably of East Asian origin. Type: Holotype NHM in the collection of the Linnean Society. Ref: Princis, 1962&ndash;1971: 807&ndash;841.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Remarks: domestic species cosmopolitan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;germanica&lt;/i&gt; in MLUH and UZIU one, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Loboptera decipiens&lt;/i&gt; (Germar, 1817)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Loboptera (Blatta) decipiens&lt;/i&gt; Germar, 1817: 249.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Lebanon.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Madeira Island; Portugal; Canary Islands, Spain; Corsica, France; Sardinia Island, Italy; Sicily, Italy; Crete Island, Greece; Yugoslavia; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; Crimea; Caucasus Mountains; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Lebanon; Asia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type: MHNG (Neotype from Harz, 1977: 33&ndash;34, probably not valid). Type locality: unknown Ref: Princis, 1961 &ndash;1971: 850, Giglio-tos, 1893: 3.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; (http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1175303) There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;decipiens&lt;/i&gt; in NHM, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Caesar, Maram, Roy, Roger, Legendre, Frederic, Grandcolas, Philippe &amp; Pellens, Roseli, 2015, Catalogue of Dictyoptera from Syria and neighbouring countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan), pp. 71-92 in Zootaxa 3948 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.5, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288372"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/288372&lt;/a&gt

Hodotermitidae

Family: Hodotermitidae &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Anacanthotermes sawensis&lt;/i&gt; Al-Alawy, Abdul-Rassoul, &amp; Al-Azawi, 1990 Geographical records: Iraq.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Only know from Iraq.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Type: Holotype INHM. Paratype (s) INHM, DZCU. Ref: Krishna &lt;i&gt;et al.,&lt;/i&gt; 2013: 290.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Anacanthotermes septentrionalis&lt;/i&gt; (Jacobson, 1905) Geographical records: Iraq.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Also recorded in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan. Type: Syntypes AMNH.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ref: Krishna &lt;i&gt;et al.,&lt;/i&gt; 2013: 289&ndash;290.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Anacanthotermes ubachi&lt;/i&gt; (Nav&aacute;s, 1911)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jordan. General distribution: Also recorded in Saudi Arabia. Type: Syntypes (depository unknown).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ref: Krishna &lt;i&gt;et al.,&lt;/i&gt; 2013: 291.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Anacanthotermes vagans&lt;/i&gt; Hagen, 1858&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Iraq.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Also recorded in Afghanistan, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia. Type: Syntype NHMW. Holotype NHMW.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ref: Krishna &lt;i&gt;et al.,&lt;/i&gt; 2013: 292.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Caesar, Maram, Roy, Roger, Legendre, Frederic, Grandcolas, Philippe &amp; Pellens, Roseli, 2015, Catalogue of Dictyoptera from Syria and neighbouring countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan), pp. 71-92 in Zootaxa 3948 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 82-83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.5, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288372"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/288372&lt;/a&gt

Ectobiinae

Subfamily: Ectobiinae &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Arbiblatta syriaca&lt;/i&gt; (Bey-Bienko, 1938)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica (Arbiblatta) syriaca&lt;/i&gt; Bey-Bienko, 1938: 232. &lt;i&gt;Hololampra brevipennis&lt;/i&gt; Ramme, 1951: 415.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Syria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Syria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type: NHMW in the Brunner von Wattenwyl&rsquo;s collection; Paratype in the former Zoological Institute, Leningard, now ZIN. Type locality: Syria&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ref: Princis, 1961 &ndash;1971: 1108.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1175944)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ectobius vittiventris&lt;/i&gt; (Costa, 1847)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blatta vittiventris&lt;/i&gt; Costa, 1847: 111.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ectobius neolividus&lt;/i&gt; Fruhstorfer, 1921: 13, 18, 56, 58, 63, 78. Geographical records: Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Switzerland; Sicily, Italy; Yugoslavia; Romania; Bulgaria; Turkey; Caucasus mountains. Type: Syntype ZMHB. Type locality: Switzerland.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ref: Princis, 1961 &ndash;1971: 1050&ndash;1052; Baur &amp; Corey, 2004: 615.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; (http://nmbe-xen25.unibe.ch/sites/default/files/uploads/pubinv/2120.pdf) There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;vittiventris&lt;/i&gt; in MHNG, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Luridiblatta beybienkoi&lt;/i&gt; Maran, 1957 &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica beybienkoi&lt;/i&gt; Maran, 1957: 165. Geographical records: Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type: Holotype NMP. Type locality: Turkey: Karapinar, Toros. Ref: Maran, 1957: 165.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica brevipennis&lt;/i&gt; (Fischer, 1853)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blatta brevipennis&lt;/i&gt; Fischer, 1853: 102.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Alphebia carpetana&lt;/i&gt; (nec Bol&iacute;var, 1873) Giglio-tos, 1893: 3.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Syria, Turkey, Lebanon.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Austria; Italy; Yugoslavia; Hungary; Albania; Bulgaria; Turkey; Syria. Type: NHMW in the Brunner von Wattenwyl&rsquo;s collection. Type locality: Italy: Istria. Ref: Princis, 1971: 1103; Giglio-tos, 1893: 3.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; (http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1176174) There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;brevipennis&lt;/i&gt; in MHNG, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica marginata&lt;/i&gt; (Schreber, 1781)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blatta marginata&lt;/i&gt; Schreber, 1781: 88.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: (Sardinia Island), Italy; (Sicily), Italy; Austria; Yugoslavia; Albania; Greece; Bulgaria; Hungary; Romania; Ukraine; Crimea; Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type: MLUH. Type locality: Italy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ref: Princis, 1971: 1091&ndash;1093.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; (http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1176252) There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;marginata&lt;/i&gt; in MHNG, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica megerlei&lt;/i&gt; Fieber, 1853&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blatta megerlei&lt;/i&gt; Fieber, 1853: 94.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Hololampra f. erythronota&lt;/i&gt; Ramme, 1951: 324.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica megerlei ssp. asiatica&lt;/i&gt; Bey-Bienko, 1950: 232.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Syria, Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; General distribution: Germany; Switzerland; Slovakia; Czech Republic; Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Hungary; Romania; Moldova; Republic of Ukraine. Type: According to Vidlicka &amp; Majzlan (1997), the type is missing. Ref: Princis, 1961 &ndash;1971: 1094&ndash;1096; Vidlicka &amp; Majzlan, 1997: 165. (http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1176209) There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;megerlei&lt;/i&gt; in MHNG, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series. There are specimens of &lt;i&gt;asiatica&lt;/i&gt; in Syria and Turkey in ZMHB.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica pallida&lt;/i&gt; (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) &lt;i&gt;Aphlebia pallida&lt;/i&gt; Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882: 42. Geographical records: Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Greece; Yugoslavia; Turkey. Type: NHMW. Type locality: Greece.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ref: Princis 1971: 1104.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1176247)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; There are specimens identified as &lt;i&gt;pallida&lt;/i&gt; in MHNG, but they are not indicated as types or as part of a type series.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica znojkoi&lt;/i&gt; Bey-Bienko, 1938 &lt;i&gt;Phyllodromica znojkoi&lt;/i&gt; Bey-Bienko, 1938: 230. Geographical records: Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Transkaukasia: Ordubad; Turkey: Anatolia. Type: NHMW. Type locality: Transkaukasia. Ref: Princis, 1971: 1104.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Caesar, Maram, Roy, Roger, Legendre, Frederic, Grandcolas, Philippe &amp; Pellens, Roseli, 2015, Catalogue of Dictyoptera from Syria and neighbouring countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan), pp. 71-92 in Zootaxa 3948 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 86-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.5, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288372"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/288372&lt;/a&gt

Pearson’s correlation coefficient between area and different sampling effort variables.

<p>Significant correlations are indicated in bold.</p

Toxoderidae

Family: Toxoderidae &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pareuthyphlebs palmonii&lt;/i&gt; (Uvarov, 1939)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Xenomantis palmonii&lt;/i&gt; Uvarov, 1939: 219 &ndash;220; Ehrmann, 2002: 273; Otte &amp; Spearman, 2005: 394; Battiston &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2010: 137.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Jordan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Jordan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type series: Holotype female NHM. Type locality: am Fluss Jordan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Sinaiella sabulosa&lt;/i&gt; Uvarov, 1939&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Sinaiella sabulosa&lt;/i&gt; Uvarov, 1939: 552; Ehrmann, 2002: 319; Otte &amp; Spearman, 2005: 245 Battiston &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2010: 156.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Jordan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Saudi-Arabia, Jordan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type series: Holotype male NHM. Type locality: Saudi Arabia: Raushah, Alam, Shudhaib.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Caesar, Maram, Roy, Roger, Legendre, Frederic, Grandcolas, Philippe &amp; Pellens, Roseli, 2015, Catalogue of Dictyoptera from Syria and neighbouring countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan), pp. 71-92 in Zootaxa 3948 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.5, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288372"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/288372&lt;/a&gt

Kalotermitidae

Family: Kalotermitidae &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Kalotermes flavicollis&lt;/i&gt; (Fabricius, 1793)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Geographical records: Syria, Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;General distribution: Also recorded from Algeria to Egypt, Levant, NW Caucasus, France, Italy, Libya, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, Yugoslavia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Type: Lectotype ZMUC.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Ref: Krishna &lt;i&gt;et al.,&lt;/i&gt; 2013: 509&ndash;515.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Caesar, Maram, Roy, Roger, Legendre, Frederic, Grandcolas, Philippe &amp; Pellens, Roseli, 2015, Catalogue of Dictyoptera from Syria and neighbouring countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan), pp. 71-92 in Zootaxa 3948 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.1.5, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/288372"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/288372&lt;/a&gt

The number of species within different categories of extinction risk in the IUCN red list grouped according to sampling adequacy (as established in this study) and distribution range estimates.

<p>Only three orders from the present dataset have been assessed by the IUCN. DD = data deficient; LC = least concern; NT = near threatened; VU = vulnerable; EN = endangered; CR = critically endangered.</p

Area of distribution and values of different sampling effort variables for species endemic and non-endemic to New Caledonia.

<p>The comparison was made with a Student t test and significant values are indicated in bold.</p