Application of Electrical Bio-Impedance for the Evaluation of Strawberry Ripeness

"This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in González-Araiza, José Raymundo, María Coral Ortiz-Sánchez, Francisco Miguel Vargas-Luna, and José Manuel Cabrera-Sixto. 2016. Application of Electrical Bio-Impedance for the Evaluation of Strawberry Ripeness. International Journal of Food Properties 20 (5). Informa UK Limited: 1044 50. doi:10.1080/10942912.2016.1199033, available online at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10942912.2016.1199033."[EN] Electrical bio-impedance measurements were conducted on local strawberry fruits. A non-destructive device was designed to obtain the impedance spectrum of the whole fruit. Four electrical variables were tested: low frequency resistor R0 (related to extracellular resistances), the high frequency resistor R∞ (related to intracellular resistances), and constant phase element (magnitude and phase, related to the membrane capacitances and heterogeneity, respectively). In parallel with the electrical bio-impedance measurement, color and firmness were correlated to the ripeness stage. The results indicated that the strawberries at the highest stage of ripeness had significantly lower constant phase element and R0 values.The authors would like to express their gratitude to Mr. and Mrs. Abraham from Irapuato, Mexico for providing the fruits, and to Mr. Juan Manuel Noriega from the University of Guanajuato for his technical support. The authors would like to thank the University of Guanajuato for the financial support.Gonzalez-Araiza, J.; Ortiz Sánchez, MC.; Vargas-Luna, F.; Cabrera-Sixto, J. (2017). Application of Electrical Bio-Impedance for the Evaluation of Strawberry Ripeness. International Journal of Food Properties. 20(5):1044-1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1199033S10441050205Cordenunsi, B. R., Nascimento, J. R. O., & Lajolo, F. M. (2003). Physico-chemical changes related to quality of five strawberry fruit cultivars during cool-storage. Food Chemistry, 83(2), 167-173. doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00059-1Sacks, E. J., & Shaw, D. V. (1994). Optimum Allocation of Objective Color Measurements for Evaluating Fresh Strawberries. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 119(2), 330-334. doi:10.21273/jashs.119.2.330Harker, F. R., & Forbes, S. K. (1997). Ripening and development of chilling injury in persimmon fruit: An electrical impedance study. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 25(2), 149-157. doi:10.1080/01140671.1997.9514001Bauchot, A. D., Harker, F. R., & Arnold, W. M. (2000). The use of electrical impedance spectroscopy to assess the physiological condition of kiwifruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 18(1), 9-18. doi:10.1016/s0925-5214(99)00056-3Harker, F. R., & Maindonald, J. H. (1994). Ripening of Nectarine Fruit (Changes in the Cell Wall, Vacuole, and Membranes Detected Using Electrical Impedance Measurements). Plant Physiology, 106(1), 165-171. doi:10.1104/pp.106.1.165Fang, Q., Liu, X., & Cosic, I. (s. f.). Bioimpedance Study on Four Apple Varieties. 13th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance and the 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography, 114-117. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73841-1_32Vozáry, E., & Benkó, P. (2010). Non-destructive determination of impedance spectrum of fruit flesh under the skin. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 224, 012142. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/224/1/012142Harker, F. R., Elgar, H. J., Watkins, C. B., Jackson, P. J., & Hallett, I. C. (2000). Physical and mechanical changes in strawberry fruit after high carbon dioxide treatments. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 19(2), 139-146. doi:10.1016/s0925-5214(00)00090-9Juansah, J., Budiastra, I. W., Dahlan, K., & Seminar, K. B. (2014). Electrical Properties of Garut Citrus Fruits at Low Alternating Current Signal and its Correlation with Physicochemical Properties During Maturation. International Journal of Food Properties, 17(7), 1498-1517. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.723233O’Toole, M. D., Marsh, L. A., Davidson, J. L., Tan, Y. M., Armitage, D. W., & Peyton, A. J. (2015). Non-contact multi-frequency magnetic induction spectroscopy system for industrial-scale bio-impedance measurement. Measurement Science and Technology, 26(3), 035102. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/26/3/035102Gore, C. M., White, J. O., Wachsman, E. D., & Thangadurai, V. (2014). Effect of composition and microstructure on electrical properties and CO2 stability of donor-doped, proton conducting BaCe1−(x+y)ZrxNbyO3. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(7), 2363. doi:10.1039/c3ta12668