EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF BLACK PEPPER WITH LIQUID CARBON-DIOXIDE

Extraction of essential oil of black pepper was studied in a fixed bed extractor with liquid carbon &oxide as a solvent. The solubility of the oil in the solvent was determined, using the dynamic method. The solubility of pepper oil varied from 0.07 +/- 0.01 to 0.10 +/- 0.04 for temperature ranging from 16 to 20-degrees-C and pressure from 6.35 to 7.35 MPa. The shape of the extraction curves indicates that about 90% of the oil was extracted during the constant rate period. The results indicate that the subcritical essential oil extraction is a promising technology.20212113

Proximate composition and extraction of carotenoids and lipids from Brazilian redspotted shrimp waste (Farfantepenaeus paulensis)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)The chemical composition of redspotted shrimp (Penaeus paulensis) waste was investigated The shrimp waste (freeze-dried heads, shells and tails) was found to have high protein (49% d w) and ash (27% d w.) contents, but a low lipid content (4.9% d w.) although the latter was higher than those found in other kinds of shrimp captured in Brazil. The fatty acid compositions showed that the lipids had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly EPA (C20 5, n-3) and DHA (C22 6, n-3). In order to establish an efficient and environmentally friendly recovery process for the astaxanthin (principal carotenoid and antioxidant present in the waste), the following processes were examined. traditional solvent extraction (TSE), super-critical fluid extraction (SC-CO(2)) and super-critical fluid extraction with co-solvent (SC-CO(2) + ethanol). The temperature and pressure conditions for all the SC-CO(2) extractions were 50 degrees C and 30 0 MPa The results showed that the mixture of 60% (v/v) n-hexane.isopropyl alcohol gave the highest (53 mg/kg waste) carotenoid extraction yield as compared to acetone, SC-CO(2) and SC-CO(2) + ethanol The SC-CO(2) showed the lowest extraction yield of astaxanthin, but the addition of the entrainer (10% w/w) produced an important effect, increasing the astaxanthin extraction to values of 57 9%, similar to extraction with acetone (63.3%). (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved10218793Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [2008/52829-0

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON WEIGHT INCREASE DUE TO CHRONIC LITHIUM TREATMENT IN MEN

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Extraction of omega-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin from Brazilian redspotted shrimp waste using supercritical CO2 + ethanol mixtures

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)In this study, the effect of ethanol addition to supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) on the extraction of astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acid (EPA + DHA, mainly) from redspotted shrimp waste (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) was investigated. The co-solvent was used in the ratios of 5, 10 and 15% wt. and the conditions of temperature and pressure (300 bar and 50 degrees C) were adopted according to results achieved of the highest total extraction yield of lipids and astaxanthin in preliminary tests without the use of co-solvent. Results showed that the addition of ethanol conferred a significant improvement on the extraction yields of lipids and astaxanthin, and also increased the proportion of omega-3 fatty acids in the lipids of the extracts. An increase of 136% was reaching in the total lipid extraction yield when the proportion of ethanol was increased from 5% to 15% wt. Maximum recoveries of 93.8% and 65.2% for lipids and astaxanthin, respectively, with regard to the initial content in the waste occurred when the condition using the maximum proportion (15% wt.) of ethanol in the scCO(2)/ethanol mixture was used. The best results for the recovery of EPA and DHA were also obtained under this condition, showing that supercritical extraction employing entrainers could be a competitive technology as compared to organic solvent extraction. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.617177Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [2008/52829-0

Males unveiling the different forms of conjugal violence Hombres develando las formas de la violencia conyugal Homens desvelando as formas da violência conjugal

OBJECTIVES: To identify the forms of unveiling violence from the discourse of a male group that perform violent acts against their partners. METHODS: Qualitative approach study. Seven males were interviewed and they beat their partners, residing in the outskirts of Salvador, BA. The subjects speeches were analyzed by means of content analysis. RESULTS: The study showed that the males interviewed experienced conjugal violence, which is revealed psychologically, sexually, morally and physically. CONCLUSION: The conjugal relationship is marked by an asymmetrical relation between males and females. When males feel they are being threatened, they use some means to control their partners, resorting to physical violence, inclusive. It is imperative to implement public policies that guarantee interventions with males and females, leading them to understand the social construction of gender identity.<br>OBJETIVOS: Identificar las formas de develamiento de la violencia a partir del discurso de un grupo de hombres que practican actos violentos contra sus compañeras. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio de abordaje cualitativo. Fueron entrevistados siete hombres que cometían actos violentos contra sus compañeras, residentes en la periferie de Salvador-BA. Las narrativas de los sujetos fueron analizadas por medio del análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: El estudio mostró que los hombres entrevistados vivencian la violencia conyugal, la cual se devela bajo las formas psicológica, sexual, moral y física. CONCLUSIÓN: El relacionamiento conyugal está marcado por una relación asimétrica entre hombres y mujeres, de modo que, al sentir que su poder está siendo amenazado, el hombre utiliza algunos medios para controlar a sus compañeras, haciendo uso, inclusive, de la violencia física. Se hace necesaria la implementación de políticas públicas que garanticen intervenciones junto a hombres y mujeres que conduzcan a unos y otros a la comprensión de la construcción social de la identidad de género.<br>OBJETIVOS: Identificar as formas de desvelamento da violência a partir do discurso de um grupo de homens que praticam atos violentos contra suas companheiras. MÉTODOS: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistados sete homens que violentavam suas companheiras, residentes na periferia de Salvador-BA. As falas dos sujeitos foram analisadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: O estudo mostrou que os homens entrevistados vivenciam a violência conjugal, a qual se desvela sob as formas psicológica, sexual, moral e física. CONCLUSÃO: O relacionamento conjugal é marcado por uma relação assimétrica entre homens e mulheres, de modo que, ao sentir que seu poder está sendo ameaçado, o homem utiliza alguns meios para controlar suas companheiras, lançando mão, inclusive, da violência física. Faz-se necessária a implementação de políticas públicas que garantam intervenções junto a homens e mulheres que conduzam uns e outros à compreensão da construção social da identidade de gênero

In vitro evaluation of the antitumor effect of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on breast cancer cells

Rene Hernandez-Delgadillo,1 Claudia Mar&iacute;a Garc&iacute;a-Cu&eacute;llar,2 Yesennia S&aacute;nchez-P&eacute;rez,2 Nayely Pineda-Aguilar,3 Marco Antonio Mart&iacute;nez-Mart&iacute;nez,1 Eyra Elvyra Rangel-Padilla,1 Sergio Eduardo Nakagoshi-Cepeda,1 Juan Manuel Sol&iacute;s-Soto,1 Rosa Isela S&aacute;nchez-N&aacute;jera,1 Mar&iacute;a Argelia Akemi Nakagoshi-Cepeda,1 Shankararaman Chellam,4 Claudio Cabral-Romero1 1Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Nuevo Le&oacute;n, UANL, Facultad de Odontolog&iacute;a, Laboratorio de Biolog&iacute;a Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo Le&oacute;n, M&eacute;xico; 2Subdirecci&oacute;n de Investigaci&oacute;n B&aacute;sica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog&iacute;a, CDMX, M&eacute;xico; 3Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Unidad Monterrey, Nuevo Le&oacute;n, M&eacute;xico; 4Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on breast cancer cells.Materials and methods: The effect of varying concentrations of BisBAL NPs was evaluated on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and on MCF-10A fibrocystic mammary epitheliocytes as noncancer control cells. Cell viability was evaluated with the MTT assay, plasma membrane integrity was analyzed with the calcein AM assay, genotoxicity with the comet assay, and apoptosis with the Annexin V/7-AAD assay.Results: BisBAL NPs were spherical in shape (average diameter, 28 nm) and agglomerated into dense electronic clusters. BisBAL NP induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition. Most importantly, growth inhibition was higher for MCF-7 cells than for MCF-10A cells. At 1 &micro;M BisBAL NP, MCF-7 growth inhibition was 51%, while it was 11% for MCF-10A; at 25 &micro;M BisBAL NP, the growth inhibition was 81% for MCF-7 and 24% for MCF-10A. With respect to mechanisms of action, a 24-hour exposure of 10 and 100 &micro;M BisBAL NP caused loss of cell membrane integrity and fragmentation of tumor cell DNA. BisBAL NPs at 10 &micro;M were genotoxic to and caused apoptosis of breast cancer cells.Conclusion: BisBAL NP-induced growth inhibition is dose dependent, and breast cancer cells are more vulnerable than noncancer breast cells. The mechanism of action of BisBAL NPs may include loss of plasma membrane integrity and a genotoxic effect on the genomic DNA of breast cancer cells. Keywords: antitumor activity, bismuth nanoparticles, breast cancer, chemotherapy, cytotoxicit