Type 2 diabetes mellitus burden of disease in Brazil between 1990 to 2019: a nationwide descriptive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

This is a Brazilian nationwide analysis of the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus along the 26 states and federal district, between 1990 up to 2019. In summary, through spatiotemporal Gaussian regression methods, we estimated the attributable share of T2DM for prevalence, deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs in Brazilian population. Moreover, we sought to investigate the behavior of top risk factors for T2DM and the attributable impact in burden of disease outcomes accordingly. We also investigated whether the geolocation and time, as well as the socio demographic index, would have any ecological relationship with different levels of disease and risk factors impact. In summary, our major conclusion is that, regardless of any trend pattern overtime, states out of the South/Southeast region in Brazil are more prone to higher burden of diseases attributable to T2DM. Given the ecological pattern with the SDI, it is fair to speculate that socio-economic structural and fundamental matters may be associated with burden of disease pattern (i.e., as high as the SDI, lower is the attributable burden of disease). Top risk factors such high-fasting plasma glucose or physical inactivity may be targeted by policy makers as a potential primary prevention strategy. Our understanding of this ecological analysis is that even though the HTA improvements achieved over 1990 to 2019, population-oriented health care strategies can emphasize socio determinants of health together with the patient-level care, targeting risk factors of relevance

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Acurácia diagnóstica de diferentes critérios para síndrome metabólica e análise de características associadas em pacientes epilépticos adultos

As doenças cardiovasculares ateroscleróticas (DACV) não só têm apresentado prevalência crescente em portadores de epilepsia, mas também acarretam prognóstico menos favorável do que nas populações de controle. A busca pelos critérios para definir de síndrome metabólica (SDMET) padroniza a avaliação de fatores de risco (FR) metabólicos de especial interesse, e consequentemente, ajuda na avaliação do risco cardiovascular. Neste trabalho, buscamos desenhar um estudo transversal para avaliar e comparar a acurácia diagnóstica de diferentes critérios de SDMET entre adultos epilépticos em risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Também objetivamos analisar as associações entre fatores clínicos / neurológicos e a ocorrência de SDMET. Noventa e cinco pacientes foram recrutados e avaliados de acordo com os critérios National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP3), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), American Heart Association / National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) e International Diabetes Federation / National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute / American Heart Association / International Atherosclerosis Society / International Association for the Study of Obesity (IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAS/IASO.) Os adultos com epilepsia tiveram prevalência elevada de SDMET (34,8- 49,4%), se comparados com referenciais históricos. Os critérios IDF demonstraram a maior sensibilidade [S = 95,5% (IC 95% 84,5-99,4)]. Os critérios AACE demonstraram o menor valor preditivo negativo [VPN = 75,4% (IC 95% 68,5-77,7)]. A obesidade foi o distúrbio metabólico mais frequente (53,9-79,8%), e a dislipidemia foi o que teve melhor concordância com o diagnóstico da síndrome (κ = 0,391 a 0,691, p<0,001). Regressão logística binária reafirmou a associação entre SDMET e idade [RC = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,001-1,06)], comorbidade psiquiátricas [RC = 2,57 (IC 95% 1,01-6,51)] e não ter história de status epilepticus [RC = 3,69 (IC 95% 1,15-11,87)]. Este estudo sugere que epilépticos adultos, investigados neste estudo, estão em risco particularmente elevado para eventos cardiovasculares. Neste contexto, uma correta avaliação pode melhorar as taxas de detecção de SDMET e incentivar medidas de prevenção primária. Dessa forma, sugerimos que uma avaliação estruturada de risco cardiovascular desses pacientes deveria ser incorporada na prática rotineira dos cuidados aos pacientes com epilepsia.Cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases not only are increased in prevalence among epileptic patients but also portend them a worse prognosis. Searching for criteria to fulfill metabolic syndrome definition helps in estimating cardiovascular risk in a standardized fashion. We designed a cross-sectional study to assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of different metabolic syndrome criteria among adults at risk for cardiovascular events. We also sought to analyze associations between clinical / neurological factors and metabolic syndrome occurrence. Ninety-five patients were enrolled and evaluated according to the ATP3, AACE, IDF, AHA / NHLBI and the IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAS/IASO criteria. Epileptics had high metabolic syndrome prevalence (34.8-49.4%) when compared to historic references. IDF criteria showed the highest sensitivity [S = 95.5% (CI 95% 84.5-99.4)]. AACE criteria showed the lowest negative predictive value [NPV = 75.4% (CI 95% 68.5-77.7)]. Obesity was the most frequent metabolic disturbance (23.9-79.8%), and dyslipidemia showed the greatest concordance with the syndrome (κ = 0.391 to 0.691, p<0.001). Binary logistic regression supported an association of metabolic syndrome and age [OR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.001-1.06)], psychiatric comorbidities [OR = 2.57 (95% CI 1.01-6.51)] and not having a history of status epilepticus [OR = 3.69 (95% CI 1.15-11.87)]. This study adds evidence that adult epileptics are at especially high risk for cardiovascular events. Correct assessment can improve metabolic syndrome detection rates and foster primary prevention. Structured cardiovascular risk assessment should be incorporated in routine epilepsy care

Acurácia diagnóstica de diferentes critérios para síndrome metabólica e análise de características associadas em pacientes epilépticos adultos

As doenças cardiovasculares ateroscleróticas (DACV) não só têm apresentado prevalência crescente em portadores de epilepsia, mas também acarretam prognóstico menos favorável do que nas populações de controle. A busca pelos critérios para definir de síndrome metabólica (SDMET) padroniza a avaliação de fatores de risco (FR) metabólicos de especial interesse, e consequentemente, ajuda na avaliação do risco cardiovascular. Neste trabalho, buscamos desenhar um estudo transversal para avaliar e comparar a acurácia diagnóstica de diferentes critérios de SDMET entre adultos epilépticos em risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Também objetivamos analisar as associações entre fatores clínicos / neurológicos e a ocorrência de SDMET. Noventa e cinco pacientes foram recrutados e avaliados de acordo com os critérios National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP3), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), American Heart Association / National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) e International Diabetes Federation / National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute / American Heart Association / International Atherosclerosis Society / International Association for the Study of Obesity (IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAS/IASO.) Os adultos com epilepsia tiveram prevalência elevada de SDMET (34,8- 49,4%), se comparados com referenciais históricos. Os critérios IDF demonstraram a maior sensibilidade [S = 95,5% (IC 95% 84,5-99,4)]. Os critérios AACE demonstraram o menor valor preditivo negativo [VPN = 75,4% (IC 95% 68,5-77,7)]. A obesidade foi o distúrbio metabólico mais frequente (53,9-79,8%), e a dislipidemia foi o que teve melhor concordância com o diagnóstico da síndrome (κ = 0,391 a 0,691, p<0,001). Regressão logística binária reafirmou a associação entre SDMET e idade [RC = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,001-1,06)], comorbidade psiquiátricas [RC = 2,57 (IC 95% 1,01-6,51)] e não ter história de status epilepticus [RC = 3,69 (IC 95% 1,15-11,87)]. Este estudo sugere que epilépticos adultos, investigados neste estudo, estão em risco particularmente elevado para eventos cardiovasculares. Neste contexto, uma correta avaliação pode melhorar as taxas de detecção de SDMET e incentivar medidas de prevenção primária. Dessa forma, sugerimos que uma avaliação estruturada de risco cardiovascular desses pacientes deveria ser incorporada na prática rotineira dos cuidados aos pacientes com epilepsia.Cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases not only are increased in prevalence among epileptic patients but also portend them a worse prognosis. Searching for criteria to fulfill metabolic syndrome definition helps in estimating cardiovascular risk in a standardized fashion. We designed a cross-sectional study to assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of different metabolic syndrome criteria among adults at risk for cardiovascular events. We also sought to analyze associations between clinical / neurological factors and metabolic syndrome occurrence. Ninety-five patients were enrolled and evaluated according to the ATP3, AACE, IDF, AHA / NHLBI and the IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAS/IASO criteria. Epileptics had high metabolic syndrome prevalence (34.8-49.4%) when compared to historic references. IDF criteria showed the highest sensitivity [S = 95.5% (CI 95% 84.5-99.4)]. AACE criteria showed the lowest negative predictive value [NPV = 75.4% (CI 95% 68.5-77.7)]. Obesity was the most frequent metabolic disturbance (23.9-79.8%), and dyslipidemia showed the greatest concordance with the syndrome (κ = 0.391 to 0.691, p<0.001). Binary logistic regression supported an association of metabolic syndrome and age [OR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.001-1.06)], psychiatric comorbidities [OR = 2.57 (95% CI 1.01-6.51)] and not having a history of status epilepticus [OR = 3.69 (95% CI 1.15-11.87)]. This study adds evidence that adult epileptics are at especially high risk for cardiovascular events. Correct assessment can improve metabolic syndrome detection rates and foster primary prevention. Structured cardiovascular risk assessment should be incorporated in routine epilepsy care