Changes in supramaximal M-wave amplitude at different regions of biceps brachii following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors

Purpose Previous evidence from surface electromyograms (EMGs) suggests that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) may manifest unevenly within the muscle. Here we investigated whether these regional changes were indeed associated with EIMD or if they were attributed to spurious factors often afecting EMGs. Methods Ten healthy male subjects performed 3×10 eccentric elbow fexions. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), muscle soreness and ultrasound images from biceps brachii distal and proximal regions were measured immediately before (baseline) and during each of the following 4 days after the exercise. Moreover, 64 monopolar surface EMGs were detected while 10 supramaximal pulses were applied to the musculocutaneous nerve. The innervation zone (IZ), the number of electrodes detecting largest M-waves and their centroid longitudinal coordinates were assessed to characterize the spatial distribution of the M-waves amplitude. Results The MVC torque decreased (~25%; P<0.001) while the perceived muscle soreness scale increased (~4 cm; 0 cm for no soreness and 10 cm for highest imaginable soreness; P<0.005) across days. The echo intensity of the ultrasound images increased at 48 h (71%), 72 h (95%) and 96 h (112%) for both muscle regions (P<0.005), while no diferences between regions were observed (P=0.136). The IZ location did not change (P=0.283). The number of channels detecting the greatest M-waves signifcantly decreased (up to 10.7%; P<0.027) and the centroid longitudinal coordinate shifted distally at 24, 48 and 72 h after EIMD (P<0.041). Conclusion EIMD consistently changed supramaximal M-waves that were detected mainly proximally from the biceps brachii, suggesting that EIMD takes place locally within the biceps brachii

Home-based arm cycling exercise improves trunk control in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury:an observational study

Arm cycling is used for cardiorespiratory rehabilitation but its therapeutic effects on the neural control of the trunk after spinal cord injury (SCI) remain unclear. We investigated the effects of single session of arm cycling on corticospinal excitability, and the feasibility of home-based arm cycling exercise training on volitional control of the erector spinae (ES) in individuals with incomplete SCI. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we assessed motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the ES before and after 30 min of arm cycling in 15 individuals with SCI and 15 able-bodied controls (Experiment 1). Both groups showed increased ES MEP size after the arm cycling. The participants with SCI subsequently underwent a 6-week home-based arm cycling exercise training (Experiment 2). MEP amplitudes and activity of the ES, and movements of the trunk during reaching, self-initiated rapid shoulder flexion, and predicted external perturbation tasks were measured. After the training, individuals with SCI reached further and improved trajectory of the trunk during the rapid shoulder flexion task, accompanied by increased ES activity and MEP amplitudes. Exercise adherence was excellent. We demonstrate preserved corticospinal drive after a single arm cycling session and the effects of home-based arm cycling exercise training on trunk function in individuals with SCI.</p

Neuromuscular adaptations to experimentally induced pain in the lumbar region:protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Numerous studies report changes in neuromuscular control in people with low back pain (LBP). However, the relationship between pain and altered neuromuscular control is challenging to unravel given the heterogeneity that exists in clinical populations. One approach commonly adopted to overcome this issue is the use of experimental pain models, but it is currently unclear if the effects of experimental pain are consistent between studies. Therefore, this planned study will systematically evaluate and summarise the effect of experimentally induced pain in the lumbar region on neuromuscular control at sites both locally and remote to the low back. Methods This protocol has been developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ZETOC, Web of Science, and grey literature will be searched up to August 31, 2021. Screening processes (title/abstract and full-text), data extraction, and risk of bias assessment will be conducted by two independent reviewers. Studies investigating the effects of exogenous pain models delivered to the low back region on neuromuscular control in healthy individuals will be included. Muscle activity and body kinematics will be the outcomes of interest. The comparisons of interest will be between baseline or control conditions and the experimental pain condition, as well as between the experimental pain and post-pain conditions. Randomised crossover and non-randomised studies of interventions will be included and their risk of bias will be evaluated with the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool or with the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool, respectively. A random-effect meta-analysis will be conducted for quantitative synthesis when clinical and methodological consistency is ensured. Quality of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. Discussion The current review will provide new insights to understand if and what neuromuscular adaptations are caused by pain experimentally induced in the lumbar region. Our findings will reveal which experimental pain model is able to better reproduce adaptations similar to those identified in people with low back pain, possibly contributing to improving our understanding of motor adaptation to low back pain in the long term. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD4202022013

Effect of movement‐evoked and tonic experimental pain on muscle force production

From Crossref journal articles via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2023-05-24, accepted 2023-09-19, epub 2023-10-06, issued 2023-10-06, published 2023-10-06Article version: VoRPublication status: PublishedFunder: Wellcome Trust; FundRef: https://doi.org/10.13039/10.13039/100010269AbstractIntroductionWhen performing an exercise or a functional test, pain that is evoked by movement or muscle contraction could be a stronger stimulus for changing how individuals move compared to tonic pain. We investigated whether the decrease in muscle force production is larger when experimentally‐induced knee pain is directly associated to the torque produced (movement‐evoked) compared to a constant painful stimulation (tonic).MethodsTwenty‐one participants performed three isometric knee extension maximal voluntary contractions without pain (baseline), during pain, and after pain. Knee pain was induced using sinusoidal electrical stimuli at 10 Hz over the infrapatellar fat pad, applied continuously or modulated proportionally to the knee extension torque. Peak torque and contraction duration were averaged across repetitions and normalized to baseline.ResultsDuring tonic pain, participants reported lower pain intensity during the contraction than at rest (p &lt; 0.001), whereas pain intensity increased with contraction during movement‐evoked pain (p &lt; 0.001). Knee extension torque decreased during both pain conditions (p &lt; 0.001), but a larger reduction was observed during movement‐evoked compared to tonic pain (p &lt; 0.001). Participants produced torque for longer during tonic compared to movement‐evoked pain (p = 0.005).ConclusionOur results indicate that movement‐evoked pain was a more potent stimulus to reduce knee extension torque than tonic pain. The longer contraction time observed during tonic pain may be a result of a lower perceived pain intensity during muscle contraction. Overall, our results suggest different motor adaptation to tonic and movement‐evoked pain and support the notion that motor adaptation to pain is a purposeful strategy to limit pain. This mechanistic evidence suggests that individuals experiencing prevalently tonic or movement‐evoked pain may exhibit different motor adaptations, which may be important for exercise prescription

Is the firing rate of motor units in different vastus medialis regions modulated similarly during isometric contractions?

Introduction: Previous evidence suggests the fibers of different motor units reside within distinct vastus medialis (VM) regions. It remains unknown whether the activity of these motor units may be modulated differently. Herein we assess the discharge rate of motor units detected proximodistally from the VM to address this issue. Methods: Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded proximally and distally from the VM while 10 healthy subjects performed isometric contractions. Single motor units were decomposed from surface EMGs. The smoothed discharge rates of motor units identified from the same and from different VM regions were then cross-correlated. Results: During low-level contractions, the discharge rate varied more similarly for distal (cross-correlation peak; interquartile interval: 0.27-0.40) and proximal (0.28-0.52) than for proximodistal pairs of VM motor units (0.20-0.33; P = 0.006). Conclusions: The discharge rates of motor units from different proximodistal VM regions show less similarity in their variations than those of pairs of units either distally or proximally