Review of Terms and Definitions Used in Descriptions of Running Shoes

Objective: Our study aim is to identify and describe the definitions used for different types of running shoes. In addition, we highlight the existence of gaps in these concepts and propose possible new approaches. Methods: This review was undertaken in line with the guidelines proposed by Green et al., based on a literature search (until December 2019) of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar databases. A total of 23 papers met the inclusion criteria applied to identify the definition of running shoes. Results: Although there is a certain consensus on the characteristics of minimalist footwear, it is also described by other terms, such as barefoot-style or barefoot-simulating. Diverse terms are also used to describe other types of footwear, and in these cases, there is little or no consensus regarding their characteristics. Conclusions: The terms barefoot-simulated footwear, barefoot-style footwear, lightweight shoes and full minimalist shoes are all used to describe minimalist footwear. The expressions partial minimalist, uncushioned minimalist and transition shoes are used to describe footwear with non-consensual characteristics. Finally, labels such as shod shoes, standard cushioned running shoes, modern shoes, neutral protective running shoes, conventional, standardised, stability style or motion control shoes span a large group of footwear styles presenting different properties

Analysis of the game to improve the competitive performance in badminton

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Consejo Superior de Deporte

Red temática Científico-Profesional de Deportes de Raqueta

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Gobierno de España. Proyecto de investigación del Plan Nacional I+D;DEP2011-13820-

Análisis de la eficiencia del sistema deportivo en el entorno de la Unión Europea estudio comparado del modelo deportivo del Reino Unido y España

Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deport

Training progam of the anticipatory processes within the planning of the strategy and its tactic development in training and competitive situations in racket sports through automatic systems

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Consejo Superior de Deporte

Spanish women athletes’ performance in the Summer Olympic Games history

In this study, an analysis was made of the qualitative and quantitative evolution of the participation and results obtained by the Spanish athletes throughout the Olympic Games, for which their records were compared to those of the men's team from Paris 1900 to Rio 2016. During the study, the growing weight of Spanish women athletes was analysed, resulting in the Women and Sport programme (2007), which seems to have been a determining factor in the improvement of the performance of Spanish women athletes, which surpassed that of the men's team in the last two editions, for the first time in history and in a consecutive manner. The data revealed a growing weight of women, with a historical representation much lower in the Olympic Games (less than 14% until Barcelona 1992) and significantly lower than men from the same (beginning to be more than 30%). This progression has been accompanied by a greater value in the variable weight of the medals, this fact was accentuated in the last editions of London 2012 (65%) and Rio de Janeiro 2016 (60%). It is clear from the results that there is plenty of room for improvement in women's sport. Empowering Spanish female athletes, increasing social and economic recognition, and identifying which are the differential factors that make them more efficient with respect to the male team, can optimize strategies and results in the third sector of sport in Spain

Badminton for All - European Network for the Promotion of Inclusive Badminton

Unión Europe

Understanding the Predictors of Economic Politics on Elite Sport: A Case Study from Spain

Sport federations (NSFs) are the main promoters of sport at a national level. Their complex management involves coordinating relations with private entities, public administrations, and international organisations. Therefore, the economic situation of a country and its sport support policies have significant influences on the achievement of the NSFs’ objectives and, therefore, on their sustainability and influence on an active population. This study analyses the determinants of the financial performance of 59 Spanish sport federations (SSFs), 28 Olympic and 31 non-Olympic, based on the relationship between the funding received and their international results during the period from 2007 to 2019 (both years included). The preliminary data analysis included an examination of the missing data, and a t-test was used to compare Olympic and non-Olympic sport federations regarding different variables related to their resources and results. In addition, multiple linear regressions identified the possible predictors of the financing of sport federations and were separately performed for Olympic and non-Olympic federations. The results showed that SSFs were able to maintain their results in the face of decreasing resources. In addition, Olympic SSFs were found to be less dependent on public funding than non-Olympic SSFs for competitive results. This is evidence of a paradigm shift in the management of Spanish federated sports, evolving towards a model that is less dependent on the state, more efficient, and therefore more sustainable.Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport-Salvador de Madariaga PRX 16/0036

The Influence of Small-Scale Sporting Events on Participants’ Intentions to Recommend the Host City

Tourism, including sports tourism, is an important driver of social and economic development. Sports tourism events, and small-scale sporting events in particular, are a powerful resource for promoting tourism in the host city, as a viable way of developing sustainable tourism in the local community. This study aims to analyse the impact of functional quality, outcome quality, satisfaction, and perceived value on intentions to recommend the host city among participants in a small-scale sporting event. A total of 866 runners in a 21-km recreational race participated in this study. A multi-item scale was used and a confirmatory factor analysis of the model was carried out, and the presence of gender differences in the relationships was ascertained using a multigroup analysis. The results revealed a direct effect of functional quality and satisfaction, and an indirect effect of outcome quality and value on intentions to recommend the city. Intention to recommend the city and functional quality showed differences between males and females. In conclusion, managing quality is a key strategy in encouraging participants in small-scale sporting events to recommend the host city.Spanish Government PRX 16/0036

Badminton preferentially decreases explosive over maximal voluntary torque in both the plantar flexors and extensors

We assessed changes in maximal and explosive plantar flexion (PF) and dorsi flexion (DF) torque, and thus the maximal and explosive DF/PF ratio, in response to succes- sive badminton matches (2 × 35, 15 minutes of rest) in 16 juniors (10 males, 6 fe- males) International-level badminton players before (Pre), immediately after the first (Post- 1) and second (Post-2) match as well as after resting for 12 hours. For both PF and DF, maximal voluntary torque decreased from Pre to Post-2 (~7%-9%; P < 0.05). Compared with Pre, PF explosive voluntary torque decreased by ~4%-13% at Post-1 (P < 0.05), with further reductions ranging from −15% to −25% within the 0-100 ms epoch after contraction (P < 0.001) at Post-2. Decrements of similar magnitude in DF explosive voluntary torque occurred at Post-1 (ranging −7% to −27%) and Post-2 (ranging −3% to −28%) relative to Pre (P < 0.05). All neuromuscular parameters were fully recovered after 12 hours of rest. Explosive DF/PF ratios during the very initial phase of contraction (up to 50 ms from onset) were lower compared with the maximal DF/PF ratio, with no effect of time (all P < 0.05). In badminton, explosive torque indices should be included to more accurately reflect acute fatigue induced by successive badminton matches.SIFunding received from Badminton World Federation (BWF)