The Cytokine response of rat macrophages to lipopolysaccharide is modulated by adrenomedullin

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Impact of the first hand sanitizing relay world record on compliance with hand hygiene in a hospital

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials for evaluating the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy for social anxiety disorder

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Adrenomedullin: Its role in the cardiovascular system

Adrenomedullin is a 52-amino acid peptide that was first isolated from human pheochromocytoma. Subsequently, it was found to be distributed widely in the body, including throughout the cardiovascular system. It belongs to a family of peptides that include calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin. Adrenomedullin causes vasorelaxation and influences vascular proliferation and interacts closely with nitric oxide, and it may have a role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cardiac and renal failure. Nonpeptide agonists or antagonists of adrenomedullin may have potential therapeutic application. The role of adrenomedullin in septicemic shock also merits further investigation.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

The role of adrenomedullin in the cardiovascular system

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Adrenomedullin expression and its effects on cytokine response of rat macrophages to lipopolysaccharide

BACKGROUND: Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasorelaxant peptide that plays important roles in inflammation. AM derived from circulating immune cells, such as monocytes and macrophages, is one of the largest sources of AM which arises in the inflammatory process. To assess the functions of AM in inflammation, we studied the temporal changes in AM production and its effect on cytokine response of rat macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHOD: Rat macrophages (NR8383) were activated by LPS in the absence and presence of AM at 1 ng/ml to 1 mg/ml. Concentrations of AM, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the culture media were measured at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after LPS/AM stimulation. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and mRNA expression was quantified by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Stimulation of LPS increased AM secretion and AM mRNA expression of the macrophages by 4- to 15-fold at 3–24 h after LPS-stimulation. AM at 1 mg/ml markedly increased IL-6 secretion from both non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated macrophages at 6–24 h, by 1- to 10-fold. AM also increased initial secretion of IL-1b and MIF from both non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated cells at 1–6 h, but it reduced the subsequent production of IL-1b and MIF from LPS-stimulated cells by 10% and 22%, respectively, at 24 h. However, AM reduced production of TNF-a from LPS-stimulated cells at 1–24 h by 35–66%. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that AM modulates cytokine production and MIF secretion from rat macrophages and its role in the inflammatory process changes with time after onset of the inflammatory challenge

Comparison of the time to perceived exertion in cycling with different warm-up procedures

This study investigated the effect of active, passive, and no warm-up on the time of reaching 75% of maximu exertion in cycling ergometry testing. The study adopted a randomized repeated measures design. A total of 20 able-bodied adults (11 males, 9 females) were tested in three sessions in random order, namely active warm-up, passive warm-up, and no warm-up. Active warm-up comprised active stretching of thigh muscles, treadmill running, and cycling on an ergometer at low intensity. Passive warm-up comprised passive stretching, hot pack, and massage to both thighs. All subjects underwent cycling ergometry testing with a constant work output in each session. The main outcome measure was the time to reach a level of 15 in the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Results showed a significant difference (p=0.04) in the exercise time before reaching RPE 15 among the three conditions. Post hoc analysis revealed that subjects had longer exercise time after passive warm-up than active warm-up and no warm-up (p=0.05 and p=0.04, respectively). This result suggests that passive warm-up prior to exercise could lengthen exercise time before subjects reach a high level of perceived exertion in cycling.Department of Rehabilitation Science