83 research outputs found
Theorems on existence and global dynamics for the Einstein equations
This article is a guide to theorems on existence and global dynamics of
solutions of the Einstein equations. It draws attention to open questions in
the field. The local-in-time Cauchy problem, which is relatively well
understood, is surveyed. Global results for solutions with various types of
symmetry are discussed. A selection of results from Newtonian theory and
special relativity that offer useful comparisons is presented. Treatments of
global results in the case of small data and results on constructing spacetimes
with prescribed singularity structure or late-time asymptotics are given. A
conjectural picture of the asymptotic behaviour of general cosmological
solutions of the Einstein equations is built up. Some miscellaneous topics
connected with the main theme are collected in a separate section.Comment: Submitted to Living Reviews in Relativity, major update of Living
Rev. Rel. 5 (2002)
Amygdala 14-3-3ζ as a Novel Modulator of Escalating Alcohol Intake in Mice
Alcoholism is a devastating brain disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. The development of alcoholism is caused by alcohol-induced maladaptive changes in neural circuits involved in emotions, motivation, and decision-making. Because of its involvement in these processes, the amygdala is thought to be a key neural structure involved in alcohol addiction. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the development of alcoholism are incompletely understood. We have previously shown that in a limited access choice paradigm, C57BL/6J mice progressively escalate their alcohol intake and display important behavioral characteristic of alcohol addiction, in that they become insensitive to quinine-induced adulteration of alcohol. This study used the limited access choice paradigm to study gene expression changes in the amygdala during the escalation to high alcohol consumption in C57BL/6J mice. Microarray analysis revealed that changes in gene expression occurred predominantly after one week, i.e. during the initial escalation of alcohol intake. One gene that stood out from our analysis was the adapter protein 14-3-3ζ, which was up-regulated during the transition from low to high alcohol intake. Independent qPCR analysis confirmed the up-regulation of amygdala 14-3-3ζ during the escalation of alcohol intake. Subsequently, we found that local knockdown of 14-3-3ζ in the amygdala, using RNA interference, dramatically augmented alcohol intake. In addition, knockdown of amygdala 14-3-3ζ promoted the development of inflexible alcohol drinking, as apparent from insensitivity to quinine adulteration of alcohol. This study identifies amygdala 14-3-3ζ as a novel key modulator that is engaged during escalation of alcohol use
Theorems on existence and global dynamics for the Einstein equations
This article is a guide to theorems on existence and global dynamics of
solutions of the Einstein equations. It draws attention to open questions in
the field. The local in time Cauchy problem, which is relatively well
understood, is surveyed. Global results for solutions with various types of
symmetry are discussed. A selection of results from Newtonian theory and
special relativity which offer useful comparisons is presented. Treatments of
global results in the case of small data and results on constructing spacetimes
with prescribed singularity structure are given. A conjectural picture of the
asymptotic behaviour of general cosmological solutions of the Einstein
equations is built up. Some miscellaneous topics connected with the main theme
are collected in a separate section.Comment: 54 pages, submitted to Living Reviews in Relativit
Reduced cortical renal GLUT1 expression induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats
Increased Glucose Uptake and Metabolism in Mesangial Cells Overexpressing Glucose Transporter 1 Increases Interleukin-6 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production: Role of AP-1 and HIF-1α
Associations among parenting experiences during childhood and adolescence, hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis hypoactivity, and hippocampal gray matter volume reduction in young adults
Diabetes increases facilitative glucose uptake and GLUT2 expression at the rat proximal tubule brush border membrane
The mechanism of renal glucose transport involves the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the proximal tubule lumen across the brush border membrane (BBM) via a sodium-dependent transporter, SGLT, and exit across the basolateral membrane via facilitative, GLUT-mediated, transport. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on BBM glucose transport. We found that diabetes increased facilitative glucose transport at the BBM by 67.5 % (P < 0.05) – an effect that was abolished by overnight fasting. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry demonstrated GLUT2 expression at the BBM during diabetes, but the protein was undetectable at the BBM of control animals or diabetic animals that had been fasted overnight. Our findings indicate that streptozotocin-induced diabetes causes the insertion of GLUT2 into the BBM and this may provide a low affinity/high capacity route of entry into proximal tubule cells during hyperglycaemia
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