On the influence of noise on chaos in nearly Hamiltonian systems

The simultaneous influence of small damping and white noise on Hamiltonian systems with chaotic motion is studied on the model of periodically kicked rotor. In the region of parameters where damping alone turns the motion into regular, the level of noise that can restore the chaos is studied. This restoration is created by two mechanisms: by fluctuation induced transfer of the phase trajectory to domains of local instability, that can be described by the averaging of the local instability index, and by destabilization of motion within the islands of stability by fluctuation induced parametric modulation of the stability matrix, that can be described by the methods developed in the theory of Anderson localization in one-dimensional systems.Comment: 10 pages REVTEX, 9 figures EP

Entanglement Dynamics in 1D Quantum Cellular Automata

Several proposed schemes for the physical realization of a quantum computer consist of qubits arranged in a cellular array. In the quantum circuit model of quantum computation, an often complex series of two-qubit gate operations is required between arbitrarily distant pairs of lattice qubits. An alternative model of quantum computation based on quantum cellular automata (QCA) requires only homogeneous local interactions that can be implemented in parallel. This would be a huge simplification in an actual experiment. We find some minimal physical requirements for the construction of unitary QCA in a 1 dimensional Ising spin chain and demonstrate optimal pulse sequences for information transport and entanglement distribution. We also introduce the theory of non-unitary QCA and show by example that non-unitary rules can generate environment assisted entanglement.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Influência da cobertura morta no comportamento dos herbicidas imazaquin e clomazone The influence of straw mulch on the behaviour of the residual herbicides imazaquin and clomazone

Experimentos de campo e bioensaios em casa-de-vegetação foram realizados para se estudar a influência da cobertura morta de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) no comportamento dos herbicidas imazaquin {ácido 2-[4,5 dihidro-4-metil-4-(1-metiletil)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-ilo]-3-quinolinacarboxílico} e clomazone {2-[(2-clorofenil)metil]-4,4-dimetil-3-isoxazolidinona}, aplicados em pré-emergência na cultura da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merril], no sistema de plantio direto. O clomazone mostrou evidências de ter sido interceptado pela cobertura morta. A presença da cobertura morta não influiu na retenção do imazaquin, sendo este lixiviado da palha para o solo com as chuvas que ocorreram após a aplicação.<br>Field experiments and glass house bioassays were conducted to determine the influence of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw mulch on the behaviour of the herbicides imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-ethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} and clomazone {2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3- isoxazolidinone}, wich had been applied to pre-emergence soybean (Glycine max)in a no-till system. There was evidence that clomazone had been intecepted by the straw whilst imazaquin was leached into the soil by rain

Influência da cobertura morta no comportamento do herbicida atrazine Influence of the mulch on the behavior of atrazine

A cobertura morta, oriunda da dessecação ou rolagem de plantas utilizadas para esta finalidade, faz parte do sistema de semeadura direta. Ao mesmo tempo que essa cobertura promove redução na densidade populacional das espécies invasoras, intercepta os herbicidas quando aplicados sobre sua superfície. Alguns autores têm sugerido aumentar as doses dos herbicidas, o que tem gerado polêmica sobre o assunto. Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento do herbicida atrazine sobre cobertura morta, realizaram-se experimento de campo, bioensaios e análises cromatográficas de resíduos com esse herbicida, nas doses 0,0; 1,25; 2,50; 3,75 e 5,00 kg/ha do ingrediente ativo, aplicando-o em solo descoberto e sobre cobertura morta de palha de aveia preta, com 4,5 e 9,0 t/ha. Amostras de solo de 0 a 10 cm de profundidade foram coletadas após a aplicação, antes e depois de uma irrigação de 20 mm para uso em bioensaios e análises cromatográficas de resíduo. A irrigação foi realizada 24 horas após a aplicação do herbicida. Os resultados mostraram que, nas amostras de solo coletadas antes da irrigação, 85% de cada dose foi interceptada nos dois tratamentos com cobertura morta. A irrigação de 20 mm foi suficiente para lixiviar praticamente todo o herbicida da palha para o solo, não havendo diferença significativa com os teores encontrados em solo descoberto. A cobertura morta reduziu a população de Brachiaria plantaginea, única espécie presente no experimento, para 20 e 5 plantas/m2, respectivamente, nas coberturas com 4,5 e 9,0 t/ha de matéria seca, enquanto que em solo descoberto, a população da espécie foi de 700 plantas/m2. Os controles obtidos com as doses de 1,25 kg/ha, nas duas quantidades de palha estudadas, foram superiores ao controle obtido com a dose de 5,00 kg/ha em solo descoberto, indicando que a cobertura morta, por sí só, exerce bom controle de B. plantaginea. A ocorrência de chuva após a aplicação de atrazine na palha, melhora sua eficiência de controle.<br>The plant residues are the main part of the no-till system. These covers reduce density of weed population, but intercept herbicides when applied on its surface. Some people suggest to increase the rate to compensate herbicide losses. Field experiment, bioassays and chromatographic analysis were made using atrazine at the rates zero, 1,25; 2,5; 3,75 and 5,0 kg/ha a.i. on 4.500 and 9.000 kg/ha of oat residues and soil without mulch. Soil samples were collected immediately after atrazine application. Twenty-four hours after atrazine application the field was irrigated with 20 mm and more samples were collected for bioassays and chromatographic analysis. The results showed that before irrigation, the oat residues intercepted close to 85% of any rate applied over 4500 and 9000 kg/ha respectively. Irrigation was enough to leach nearly all atrazine to soil surface. Nomulched soil and without herbicide presented close to 700 plants/m2 of Brachiaria plantaginea. Soil not treated with atrazine but covered with 4500 or 9000 kg/ha of oat residues, presented 20 and 5 plants/m2 of B. plantaginea, respectively. Control obtained with 1250 g/ha of atrazine in both covers was better than 5000 g/ha of atrazine on nonmulched soil