World development problems. The viewpoint of the world bank

La Banque Mondiale joue un rôle vital dans le développement mondial pour aider la croissance économique des pays en voie de développement. Après une période de récession qui a atteint toutes les régions, mais à des degrés divers, la Banque Mondiale procure une assistance pour introduire des capitaux étrangers et restructurer leur économie. Mais seul un plan de dévelop pement à long terme peut produire la croissance économique nécessaire. L’Afrique, entre autres, à cause de son développement économique lent, recevra des prêts pour un ajustement structurel et pour des secteurs clés comme l’agriculture, la population et la nutrition, et l’enseignement. L’un des problèmes clés à résoudre est la dette extérieure des pays en développement, qui atteint 1 trillion de dollars. Jusqu’à présent, la Banque Mondiale a financé 1 850 projets d’une valeur de 115,4 milliards — avec des financements actuels de l’ordre de 17 milliards de dollars par an — qui ont nécessité 500 années/ homme de supervision chaque année.The World Bank is playing a vital role in world development to help resume the economic growth of developing countries. After a recession period which hit all the regions, but in various degrees, the World Bank provides assistance for foreign capital input and restructuration of their eco nomy. But only a long-term development plan can provide the necessary economic growth. Africa, interalia, because of its slow economic recovery, will receive loans for structural adjustment and for key sectors such as agri culture, population and nutrition, and training. One of the key problem to be solved is the external debt of the developing countries which reaches one trillion dollars. So far, the World Bank has financed 1,850 projects amount ing 115.4 billions dollars which requires the lending amounts of about 17 bil lions dollars each year and 500 man/years annually for projects supervision

A rapid and scalable method for selecting recombinant mouse monoclonal antibodies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Monoclonal antibodies with high affinity and selectivity that work on wholemount fixed tissues are valuable reagents to the cell and developmental biologist, and yet isolating them remains a long and unpredictable process. Here we report a rapid and scalable method to select and express recombinant mouse monoclonal antibodies that are essentially equivalent to those secreted by parental IgG-isotype hybridomas.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Increased throughput was achieved by immunizing mice with pools of antigens and cloning - from small numbers of hybridoma cells - the functionally rearranged light and heavy chains into a single expression plasmid. By immunizing with the ectodomains of zebrafish cell surface receptor proteins expressed in mammalian cells and screening for formalin-resistant epitopes, we selected antibodies that gave expected staining patterns on wholemount fixed zebrafish embryos.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This method can be used to quickly select several high quality monoclonal antibodies from a single immunized mouse and facilitates their distribution using plasmids.</p

Direct introduction of redox centers at activated carbon substrate based on acid-substituent-assisted diazotization

Redox properties have been imparted to activated carbon with a high degree of functionalization by chemical grafting of 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic add in situ diazotized. The diazotization reaction was accomplished in the presence or in the absence of HCl for estimating the positive or negative effect of the carboxylic acid substituent on the grafting yield. Thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry experiments show that when the carboxylic acid group participates to the diazotization reaction. the grafting yield is improved and becomes even better than when the carboxylic group is not present, increasing the capacitance of pristine carbon electrode from 120 to 200 F/g

Supercapacitor behaviour of nanosized α-LiFeO2 in neutral sulphate electrolytes

II Encuentro sobre nanociencia y nanotecnología de investigadores y tecnólogos de la Universidad de Córdoba. NANOUC