Diagnósticos rurais participativos e adoção de tecnologias obtidos no projeto "Inserção e competitividade do agricultor familiar do Extremo Sul da Bahia no agronegócio da mandioca e do abacaxi".

Para romper o processo verticalizado que impõe um modelo produtivo para o campo sem a participação dos principais interessados, foi proposto, como parte do projeto “Inserção e Competitividade do Agricultor Familiar do Extremo Sul da Bahia no Agronegócio da Mandioca e do Abacaxi”, o uso de metodologias participativas, visando à melhoria do processo de socialização das tecnologias e de construção do conhecimento. Nos assentamentos Lajedo Bonito e São Miguel, localizados nos municípios de Guaratinga e Porto Seguro, respectivamente, foram utilizados o Diagnóstico Rural Participativo e de grupo focal, para identificar as características dos grupos relativas às formas de organização, sistema produtivo, organização da produção e alocação de mão-de-obra, dentre outros fatores. Foram realizadas incursões nos lotes para reconhecimento dos sistemas de produção adotados nas unidades familiares. A partir do diagnóstico, foi realizado o planejamento participativo das comunidades. Em ambos os processos foram identificadas necessidades de melhorias estruturais e estruturantes, relacionadas, principalmente, ao processo produtivo e às condições sociais. Posteriormente aos diagnósticos, foram instaladas nos assentamentos áreas com mandioca e abacaxi, nas quais os agricultores praticaram diferentes formas de cultivo com especial atenção às tecnologias e novos processos propostos. Após três anos de condução dos trabalhos em campo com os agricultores, as metodologias participativas mostraram-se como ferramentas eficientes no processo de autoconhecimento das comunidades assentadas, permitindo não só a identificação dos problemas, mas também o seu dimensionamento e a proposição de soluções. A instalação de unidades de observação nas áreas dos agricultores constitui-se numa ferramenta clássica para a oferta de tecnologias. No entanto, para que os novos conhecimentos sejam consolidados, fazem-se necessários tanto o acompanhamento regular pela assistência técnica como o financiamento das atividades agrícolas, sem o que o aprendizado pode ser perdido ao longo do tempo.bitstream/CNPMF-2010/26694/1/boletimpesquisa-43.pd

Inserção e competitividade do agricultor familiar do extremo sul da Bahia no agronegócio da mandioca: projetos em ação.

As ações que estão sendo desenvolvidas no âmbito dos projetos inserção e competitividade do agricultor familiar do extremo sul da Bahia no agronegócio da mandioca e do abacaxi e cultivo orgânico de mandioca e abacaxi em unidades de produção familiar do extremo sul da Bahia, têm como objetivo contribuir para fortalecer a agricultura familiar desta região por meio de estudos socioeconômicos e da melhoria dos sistemas produtivos, dentre eles o da mandioca. Para tanto, foram estabelecidas parcerias com secretarias de agricultura dos municípios de Santa Cruz Cabrália, Guaratinga e Porto Seguro, bem como com o escritório de extensão da Empresa Baiana de Desenvolvimento Agrícola, EBDA e a agência do Banco do Nordeste, ambos no município de Eunápolis. Foram selecionados dois assentamentos de reforma agrária, São Miguel (86 famílias) e Lajedo Bonito (52 famílias), localizados nos municípios de Santa Cruz Cabrália e Guaratinga, respectivamente, onde a parceria entre os diversos órgãos tem somado esforços na busca de solução para os entraves do desenvolvimento dos grupos de agricultores familiares

Benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil in Diet to Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818).

This study investigated the effects of different dietary levels of virgin coconut oil on growth, body composition, bacterial resistance, and hematology parameters in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Six isolipidic (12% crude lipid) and isonitrogenous (33% CP) diets were formulated adding virgin coconut oil (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as lipid source, replacing the soybean oil. A positive control diet also prepared containing 15% lauric acid (main fatty acid in virgin coconut oil). Triplicate groups of 20 fish were fed twice daily throughout 90 days. Monthly, we evaluated the tambaqui growth performance, weight and biomass gain, specific growth ratio, apparent feeding conversion, relative condition factor, fish weight uniformity, and final survival. At end of experiment, the fish were subjected to bacterial challenge and blood analysis (glucose, lactate, plasmatic protein, and redcell blood). Fish fed 0%, 100% of VCO and lauric acid presented lower growth than fish fed 50% of virgin coconut oil (VCO) which presents the highest biomass (929:8 ± 80:6a) and weight gain (15:4±4:3a) (p < 0:05). Furthermore, the fish fed 50% and 75% VCO had an increase on body protein (50 and 58%, respectively) without increase body fat content. The values of triglycerides and cholesterol decreased (242:4 ± 39:1c and 181:5 ± 14:6bc) in fish fed 50% VCO and lauric acid, respectively. After bacterial challenge, a hemolytic anemia occurred in fish submitted to diets containing 100% of soybean oil and 100% of VCO, causing 41.67% and 100% of mortality, respectively. However, fish fed with 25 and 50% of VCO not presented any clinical signs of disease or mortality. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 50% virgin coconut in substitution to soybean oil as a lipid source in diets for C. macropomum is recommended to improve the growth performance, body protein, and resistance against pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila

Is there antimicrobial property of coconut oil and lauric acid against fish pathogen?

This study evaluated in vitro the antimicrobial activity of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and lauric acid (LA) against three fish pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Saprolegnia parasitica and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis). The experiments occurred in completely randomized design with five concentration for pathogen to determine lethal concentration. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey test (p &#8804; 0.05). Virgin coconut oil (VCO) and lauric acid (LA) affected the fungal and bacterial growth. Only the lauric acid (LA) prevent the mycelial growth (r2 = 0.94) while the virgin coconut oil (VCO) reduced it. However, none treatment (VCO and LA) promoted fungicidal effect. Lauric acid provoked complete mortality (100%) of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis at concentration 40 mg.L&#8722;1 while the virgin coconut oil only reduced its development with 386.71 &#956;L.L&#8722;1 (equivalent to the LA 200 mg.L&#8722;1). In the bacterial assy, both VCO and LA caused reduced the colonies amount, but they have no any inhibition halo against the bacterium. The results suggest positive effect to control the pathogen development with greater effects using lauric acid

Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a nanocomposite (silver nanoparticle plus Terminalia catappa) against Saprolegnia parasitica in tambaqui.

Infectious diseases have been the main limiting factor for international fish farming, especially saprolegniosis, which causes large economic losses. Therefore, this study evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of a nanocomposite (Silver nanoparticle plus extract of Terminalia catappa) to control Saprolegnia parasitica in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Two tests were carried out: 1) a therapeutic assay including long and short-term baths, containing two concentrations of nanocomposite each, on infected tambaqui and 2) a prophylactic assay where the zoospore and nanocomposite (four different concentrations) were added at the same time into water for 72 h. Mortality, prevalence index, hematology, and infected areas with S. parasitica on the fish body were evaluated in both tests. In the therapeutic test, all fish from the control group (without nanocomposite) had increased infected area, as well as lethargy and hemorrhage, resulting in 100% mortality. They also had reduced red blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and thrombocytes. In group exposed to nanocomposite, higher concentrations affected mycelial growth, especially in the highest concentration (4.33 mg L− 1), reducing infected areas on the fish body by 98.70% and achieving 100% survival. The treatment with long-term bath at the lowest concentration (0.54 mg L− 1) had increased values of neutrophils. In the prophylactic test, fish groups without handling stress and the methylene blue had no clinical signs or mortality. However, the fish group submitted to handling stress presented the highest prevalence and infected areas resulting in 100% mortality. However, the increasing of nanocomposite concentration promoted less oomycete prevalence, pathology intensity, and mortality. The most effective concentration in the prophylactic assay was 0.87 mg L− 1, preventing the infection without blood alterations. Then, the nanocomposite as prophylactic measured at concentration of 0.87 mg L− 1 is the best strategy to prevent S. parasitica infection in fish

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ