On the assimilation of SWOT type data into 2D shallow-water models

In river hydraulics, assimilation of water level measurements at gauging stations is well controlled, while assimilation of images is still delicate. In the present talk, we address the richness of satellite mapped information to constrain a 2D shallow-water model, but also related difficulties. 2D shallow models may be necessary for small scale modelling in particular for low-water and flood plain flows. Since in both cases, the dynamics of the wet dry front is essential, one has to elaborate robust and accurate solvers. In this contribution we introduce robust second order, stable finite volume scheme [CoMaMoViDaLa]. Comparisons of real like tests cases with more classical solvers highlight the importance of an accurate flood plain modelling. A preliminary inverse study is presented in a flood plain flow case, [LaMo] [HoLaMoPu]. As a first step, a 0th order data processing model improves observation operator and produces more reliable water level derived from rough measurements [PuRa]. Then, both model and flow behaviours can be better understood thanks to variational sensitivities based on a gradient computation and adjoint equations. It can reveal several difficulties that a model designer has to tackle. Next, a 4D-Var data assimilation algorithm used with spatialized data leads to improved model calibration and potentially leads to identify river discharges. All the algorithms are implemented into DassFlow software (Fortran, MPI, adjoint) [Da]. All these results and experiments (accurate wet-dry front dynamics, sensitivities analysis, identification of discharges and calibration of model) are currently performed in view to use data from the future SWOT mission

DassFow-Shallow, Variational Data Assimilation for Shallow-Water Models: Numerical Schemes, User and Developer Guides

DassFlow is a computational software for free-surface flows includingvariational data assimilation (4D-VAR), sensitivity analysis, calibration features (adjoint method). The code version "shallow" solves shallow-water like models (Saint-Venant's type).The other version (ALE, not detailed in the present document) includes free-surface Stokes like models (low Reynolds, power-law rheology, ALE surface dynamics). All source files are written in Fortran 2003 / MPI. For more details and references, please consult DassFlow website.In the present manuscript, we describe: the equations, the compilation/execution instructions, the input / output files (user guide), the finite volume schemes, few validation test cases included in the archive, and the code structure (developer guide)

Stable mode-locked operation of a low repetition rate diode-pumped Nd : GdVO4 laser by combining quadratic polarisation switching and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror

International audienceIn this paper, we present the mode-locked operation of an ultrarobustly stabilised Nd:GdVO4 laser with low repetition rate by combining quadratic polarisation switching and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). In addition, similar experiment was also done with Nd:YVO4. For Nd:GdVO4, 16-ps pulses at 1063nm with a repetition rate of 3.95MHz have been obtained for a laser average output power of 1.4W. For Nd:YVO4, the performance was 2.5W of average power for15-ps pulses at 1064nm. Moreover, we demonstrate experimentally the advantage of combining these two passive mode locking techniques in terms of stability ranges. We show how the dual mode-locking technique is crucial to obtain a stable and long-term mode-locked regime in our case of a diode-pumped Nd:GdVO4 laser operating at low repetition rate and more generally how this dual mode-locking technique improves the stability range of the modelocked operation giving more flexibility on different parameter

Benchmarks and numerical methods for the simulation of boiling flows

Comparisons of different numerical methods suited to the simulations of phasechanges are presented in the framework of interface capturing computaions on structured fixed computational grids. Due to analytical solutions, we define some reference test- cases that every numerical technique devoted to phase change should succeed. Realistic physical properties imply some drastic interface jump conditions on the normal velocity or on the thermal flux.The efficiencies of Ghost Fluid and Delta Function Methods are compared to compute the normal velocity jump condition. Next, we demonstrate that high order extrapolation methods on the thermal field allow performing accurate and robust simulations for a thermally controlled bubble growth. Finally, some simulations of the growth of a rising bubble are presented, both for a spherical bubble and a deformed bubble

In vitro and in planta fungicide properties of ozonated water against the esca-associated fungus Phaeoacremonium aleophilum

Ozone could be used as a sanitary agent in the food and agricultural industries. The present study investigates whether ozonated water could be used to control conidia dispersal of the esca-associated fungus Phaeoacremonium aleophilum. The fungicide properties of ozonated water was firstly assessed in vitro by exposing spores to several concentrations of ozonated water (2.2, 4.5, or 13.5g/m3 of ozone dissolved into water) and observing the germination rate on plate. Secondarily an in planta approach was conducted on grapevine cuttings of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon clone 15. P. aleophilum conidia were inoculated in pruning wounds, which then received ozonated (4.5g/m3) or sterile water. P. aleophilum DNA was quantified by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 4 and 9 weeks post-inoculation. The effect of ozonated water on plant-defense gene expression was monitored by reverse-transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR) 48h post treatment. The results indicate that ozonated water totally suppresses spore germination in vitro. In addition, at 9 weeks post-inoculation, fungal development was significantly reduced by 50% in planta. RT-qPCR analysis shows that ozonated water did not induce plant-defense-related genes 48h post treatment. The fungicide properties of ozonated water and the absence of gene induction in planta make however ozonated water a promising candidate for limiting grapevine infection by P. aleophilum in nurseries

Robust finite volume schemes for 2D shallow water models. Application to flood plain dynamics

This study proposes original combinations of higher order Godunov type finite volume schemes and time discretization schemes for the 2d shallow water equations, leading to fully second-order accuracy with well-balanced property. Also accuracy, positiveness and stability properties in presence of dynamic wet/dry fronts is demonstrated. The test cases are the classical ones plus extra new ones representing the geophysical flow features and difficulties

Inverse computational algorithms for flood plain dynamic modelling

Flood plain dynamic modelling remains a challenge because of the complex multi-scale data, data uncertainties and the uncertain heterogeneous flow measurements. Mathematical models based on the 2d shallow water equations are generally suitable but wetting-drying processes can be driven by small scale data features. The present study aims at deriving an accurate and robust direct solver for dynamic wet-dry fronts and a variational inverse method leading to sensitivity analyses and data assimilation processes. The numerical schemes and algorithms are assessed on academic benchmarks representing well some flood dynamic features and a real test case (Lèze river, southwestern of France). Original sensitivity maps with respect to the (friction , topography) fields are performed and discussed. Furthermore, the identification of inflow discharges (time series) or roughness coefficients defined by land covers (spatially distributed parameters) demonstrate the relevance of the approach and the algorithm efficiency. Inverse computational methods may contribute to breakthrough in flood plain modelling

Comportement en matage de composites à matrice céramique oxyde/oxyde

Le comportement mécanique des liaisons boulonnées en composite à matrice céramique oxyde/oxyde a été caractérisé à l’aide d’essais de matage et d’une modélisation numérique. Les endommagements observés lors de la campagne d’essais sont similaires à ceux se développant lors du matage des composites à matrice organiques : flambement des fibres, ruptures matricielles, délaminages et bandes de cisaillement. Des essais interrompus ont montré que ces différents endommagements sont présents dès le pic de matage. La simulation numérique permet de modéliser à l’échelle du pli la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques du matériau. Les lois d’endommagements ont été implémentées sous le logiciel Abaqus, les paramètres mécaniques nécessaires étant identifiés par des essais de caractérisation matériau. Les résultats de la simulation montrent une bonne corrélation avec les essais. En effet, la modélisation permet de retrouver les différentes phases du matage sur la courbe de comportement, et les cartographies d’endommagement sont cohérentes avec les observations expérimentales

Simulation numérique du collapse et de l’implosion ultrasonore de bulles de cavitation

La cavitation acoustique est envisagée en thérapie ultrasonore pour la destruction des tissus biologiques et la transfection cellulaire. Certains obstacles liés à la nature très intense du phénomène sont cependant à lever. Dans ce cadre, un code de simulation numérique a été développé avec l’aide des méthodes Level Set et Ghost Fluid afin de prédire les efforts mécaniques exercés sur une paroi biologique lors du collapse et l’implosion de bulles de cavitation engendrés par une onde acoustique ultrasonore