Paleobiology of titanosaurs: reproduction, development, histology, pneumaticity, locomotion and neuroanatomy from the South American fossil record

Fil: García, Rodolfo A.. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino. Cipolletti; ArgentinaFil: Salgado, Leonardo. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. General Roca. Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Mariela. Inibioma-Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Bariloche. Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Cerda, Ignacio A.. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino. Cipolletti; ArgentinaFil: Carabajal, Ariana Paulina. Museo Carmen Funes. Plaza Huincul. Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Alejandro. Museo de La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Coria, Rodolfo A.. Instituto de Paleobiología y Geología. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Fiorelli, Lucas E.. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica. Anillaco. La Rioja; Argentin

Feline immunodeficiency virus infection: plasma, but not peripheral blood mononuclear cell virus titer is influenced by zidovudine and cyclosporine

The plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) titer of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in experimentally infected cats was assessed following administration of either zidovudine or cyclosporine. Treatments were begun 24 h post infection (p.i.) and continued for 4 weeks. Zidovudine treatment did not prevent establishment of infection with FIV, but plasma virus titers were significantly lower than controls at 2 weeks p.i. This reduction of plasma virus titer by zidovudine was not maintained at subsequent sampling times. Similarly, cyclosporine treatment initially lowered plasma virus titers at 2 weeks p.i., but at 4 weeks p.i. the plasma virus titers in cyclosporine-treated cats were significantly higher than in the untreated group. In the untreated group, plasma virus titers declined rapidly to an undetectable level by 14 weeks p.i. Neither zidovudine or cyclosporine treatment significantly influenced the titer of FIV in PBMCs. In all groups (untreated, zidovudine and cyclosporine) the titers in PBMC were high for the duration of the experiment. The decline in plasma virus titers in immunocompetent cats combined with the effect of cyclosporine on plasma titers strongly suggests that the immune system plays a major role in clearing FIV from plasma. In contrast, it appears that the immune response has little impact on PBMC virus titers. This shows that for complete assessment of antiviral agents, both cell-free and cell-associated virus titers must be examined. We also suggest that the limitation of viral titers in PBMC may be of critical importance in the control of lentiviral infection

Feline immunodeficiency virus infection: plasma, but not peripheral blood mononuclear cell virus titer is influenced by zidovudine and cyclosporine

The plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) titer of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in experimentally infected cats was assessed following administration of either zidovudine or cyclosporine. Treatments were begun 24 h post infection (p.i.) and continued for 4 weeks. Zidovudine treatment did not prevent establishment of infection with FIV, but plasma virus titers were significantly lower than controls at 2 weeks p.i. This reduction of plasma virus titer by zidovudine was not maintained at subsequent sampling times. Similarly, cyclosporine treatment initially lowered plasma virus titers at 2 weeks p.i., but at 4 weeks p.i. the plasma virus titers in cyclosporine-treated cats were significantly higher than in the untreated group. In the untreated group, plasma virus titers declined rapidly to an undetectable level by 14 weeks p.i. Neither zidovudine or cyclosporine treatment significantly influenced the titer of FIV in PBMCs. In all groups (untreated, zidovudine and cyclosporine) the titers in PBMC were high for the duration of the experiment. The decline in plasma virus titers in immunocompetent cats combined with the effect of cyclosporine on plasma titers strongly suggests that the immune system plays a major role in clearing FIV from plasma. In contrast, it appears that the immune response has little impact on PBMC virus titers. This shows that for complete assessment of antiviral agents, both cell-free and cell-associated virus titers must be examined. We also suggest that the limitation of viral titers in PBMC may be of critical importance in the control of lentiviral infection