The discourse deictics ^ and <-- in a World of Warcraft community

In the written English variety used in a community of World of Warcraft players, two iconic lexical items created from symbols have undergone semantic change. The words analyzed are ^ and <--, which have shifted from iconic deictic items used for discourse reference to non-iconic epistemic meanings. ^ shifted from a discourse deictic to an affirmative of a previous utterance, and <-- shifted to a self-identifying meaning similar to a pronoun. The existence and evolution of these lexical items are related to the medium in which they were created, as their meanings are associated with a visual-spatial environment created by textual chat in the virtual world. The different meanings of ^ and <-- currently exist in polysemy in the community, and the continuum of meanings are documented using data from natural language use spanning three years. A statistical analysis is performed on the data, and a diachronic change in meaning is found; furthermore, the observed change follows the path of semantic shift processes previously documented in spoken language. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Detection of Deception in a Virtual World

This work explores the role of multimodal cues in detection of deception in a virtual world, an online community of World of Warcraft players. Case studies from a five-year ethnography are presented in three categories: small-scale deception in text, deception by avoidance, and large-scale deception in game-external modes. Each case study is analyzed in terms of how the affordances of the medium enabled or hampered deception as well as how the members of the community ultimately detected the deception. The ramifications of deception on the community are discussed, as well as the need for researchers to have a deep community knowledge when attempting to understand the role of deception in a complex society. Finally, recommendations are given for assessment of behavior in virtual worlds and the unique considerations that investigators must give to the rules and procedures of online communities.</jats:p

The distribution of red and blue galaxies in groups: an empirical test of the halo model

The popular halo model predicts that the power spectrum of the galaxy fluctuations is simply the sum of the large scale linear halo-halo power spectrum and the weighted power spectrum of the halo profile. Previous studies have derived halo parameters from the observed galaxy correlation function. Here we test the halo model directly for self-consistency with a minimal set of theoretical assumptions by utilising the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS). We derive empirically the halo occupation and galaxy radial distributions in the haloes of the 2dF Percolation-Inferred Galaxy Group (2PIGG) catalogue. The mean halo occupation number is found to be well-fitted by a power-law, ~ M^b, at high masses, with b = 1.05, 0.88, 0.99 for red, blue and all galaxies respectively (with 1-sigma errors of 15-19%). We find that the truncated NFW profile provides a good fit to the galaxy radial distributions, with concentration parameters c=3.9, 1.3, 2.4 for red, blue and all galaxies respectively (with 1-sigma errors of 8-15%). Adding the observed linear power spectrum to these results, we compare these empirical predictions of the halo model with the observed correlation functions for these same 2dF galaxy populations. We conclude that subject to some fine tuning it is an acceptable model for the two-point correlations. Our analysis also explains why the correlation function slope of the red galaxies is steeper than that of the blue galaxies. It is mainly due to the number of red and blue galaxies per halo, rather than the radial distribution within the haloes of the two galaxy species.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures. MNRAS accepted version. Adds appx. on profile fitting; now use truncated NF

Comparison of Word Intelligibility in Spoken and Sung Phrases

Twenty listeners were exposed to spoken and sung passages in English produced by three trained vocalists. Passages included representative words extracted from a large database of vocal lyrics, including both popular and classical repertoires. Target words were set within spoken or sung carrier phrases. Sung carrier phrases were selected from classical vocal melodies. Roughly a quarter of all words sung by an unaccompanied soloist were misheard. Sung passages showed a seven-fold decrease in intelligibility compared with their spoken counterparts. The perceptual mistakes occurring with vowels replicate previous studies showing the centralization of vowels. Significant confusions are also evident for consonants, especially voiced stops and nasals

Cosmological baryonic and matter densities from 600,000 SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies with photometric redshifts

We analyze MegaZ-LRG, a photometric-redshift catalogue of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) based on the imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 4th Data Release. MegaZ-LRG, presented in a companion paper, contains 10^6 photometric redshifts derived with ANNz, an Artificial Neural Network method, constrained by a spectroscopic sub-sample of 13,000 galaxies obtained by the 2dF-SDSS LRG and Quasar (2SLAQ) survey. The catalogue spans the redshift range 0.4 < z < 0.7 with an r.m.s. redshift error ~ 0.03(1+z), covering 5,914 deg^2 to map out a total cosmic volume 2.5 h^-3 Gpc^3. In this study we use the most reliable 600,000 photometric redshifts to present the first cosmological parameter fits to galaxy angular power spectra from a photometric redshift survey. Combining the redshift slices with appropriate covariances, we determine best-fitting values for the matter and baryon densities of Omega_m h = 0.195 +/- 0.023 and Omega_b/Omega_m = 0.16 +/- 0.036 (with the Hubble parameter h = 0.75 and scalar index of primordial fluctuations n = 1 held fixed). These results are in agreement with and independent of the latest studies of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, and their precision is comparable to analyses of contemporary spectroscopic-redshift surveys. We perform an extensive series of tests which conclude that our power spectrum measurements are robust against potential systematic photometric errors in the catalogue. We conclude that photometric-redshift surveys are competitive with spectroscopic surveys for measuring cosmological parameters in the simplest vanilla models. Future deep imaging surveys have great potential for further improvement, provided that systematic errors can be controlled.Comment: 24 pages, 23 figures, MNRAS accepte

*-repair in Online Discourse

In this article, I present evidence of a repair morpheme in the variety of Online Written English (OWE) used by a community of World of Warcraft players. This morpheme, represented by the asterisk (*), has no counterpart in spoken English but yet follows discernible rules for use and deployment within the community. While *-repair follows many principles of repair used in spoken English, it has developed natively in an online environment using an extra-alphabetical character which is unique to the online community. The existence of *-repair is one example of how OWE has differentiated itself from spoken varieties of English, and creates questions about the influence of the internet on language forms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V

Surveillance and Community: Language Policing and Empowerment in a World of Warcraft Guild

A case study of a World of Warcraft guild explores the relationship between participatory surveillance, public discipline, empowerment, and fun. The guild under investigation in this paper is a self-labeled "safe space" guild for female, LGBT, and other minority members of the gaming population. To promote the safe space environment, the guild's members actively enforce prohibitions against offensive language. A comparison is made between the participatory surveillance model employed by the members of the guild and the top-down policies and discipline enacted by the parent company, Blizzard Entertainment; this comparison demonstrates the effects of co-existing models of surveillance in the game community. Furthermore, the effects of the guild's practice of public discipline of rule breakers are analyzed as a method of shaming that enhances the effects of the guild's rules. Finally, by examining reactions from members of the guild, personal and community empowerment are the outcomes of participation in the system. Recommendations are made to incorporate elements of participatory surveillance into games in conjunction with unilateral surveillance typically employed by game developers

Shipboard Lidar as a Tool for Remotely Measuring the Distribution and Bulk Characteristics of Marine Particles

Light detection and ranging (lidar) can provide remote estimates of the vertical distribution of optical properties in the ocean, potentially revolutionizing our ability to characterize the spatial structure of upper ocean ecosystems. However, challenges associated with quantifying the relationship between lidar measurements and biogeochemical properties of interest have prevented its adoption for routinely mapping the vertical structure of marine ecosystems. To address this, we developed a shipboard oceanographic lidar that measures attenuation (α) and linear depolarization (δ) at scales identical to those of in-water optical and biogeochemical measurements. The instrument’s ability to resolve the distribution of optical and biogeochemical properties was characterized during a series of field campaigns in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) and Gulf of Maine (GoM). α resolved vertical and horizontal gradients in absorption and chlorophyll concentration associated with the Chesapeake Bay outflow and distinct water masses in the GoM. δ was related to the particulate backscattering ratio, an optical proxy for particle size and composition, suggesting that δ could provide information on the material properties of marine particles. After initial characterizations, we conducted a 13-day deployment in the GoM and western North Atlantic to sample a mesoscale coccolithophore bloom. Bloom features were mapped at sub-kilometer scales and δ was used to distinguish coccoliths/coccolithophores from non-calcified particles. Finally, a model parameterized with in-water optical measurements from the bloom and laboratory linear depolarization measurements was used to explore the influence of multiple scattering and particle characteristics on measurements of δ. Single scattering measurements of δ exhibited a complex dependency on particle shape, size, and composition that was consistent with scattering calculations for non-spherical particles. Model results suggested that variability in δ was driven predominantly by shifts in particle concentration rather than their bulk characteristics. However, the behavior of δ when backscattering became decoupled from calcite could only be reproduced by including a separate coccolith particle class. Taken as a whole, this work provides new insights into the scattering nature of marine particles and the complex response of the lidar return signal to water column optical properties, and is an important demonstration of the sampling capabilities afforded by shipboard lidar