The Tragedy of the Anti-Commons: A New Problem. An Application to the Fisheries.

The operation and management of common property resources (“the commons”) have been exhaustively examined in economics and political science, both in formal analysis and in practical applications. “Tragedy of the Commons” metaphor helps to explain why people overuse shared resources. On the other side, Anti-Commons Theory is a recent theory presented by scientists to explain several situations about new Property Rights concerns. An “anti-commons” problem arises when there are multiple rights to exclude. Little attention has been given to the setting where more than one person is assigned with exclusion rights, which may be exercised. We analyze the “anti-commons” problem in which resources are inefficiently underutilized rather than over-utilized as in the familiar commons setting. In fact, these two problems are symmetrical in several aspects.Anti-Commons Theory; Property Rights

Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy impact on health-related quality of life

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An ethical issue in anti-commons management. Aquaculture case in Portugal

Ethical problems are a very relevant issue present in many aspects of real life. These situations can be examined through several branches and under several ways or grids of analysis, modern or classic. The relationship among people, either in business or current life management, involves problematic aspects in real life situations, which have often ethical consequences. Anti-Commons Theory is a very recent development in the area of property rights. It intends to explain why an “anti-commons” emerges and why resources may be prone to under-use. In an anti-commons situation there are too many exclusion rights that lead to the under-use of resources. In Portugal, too many people (and institutions) are involved in the approval processes of aquaculture projects. They may be involved in reaching a decision about the approval of a project which gives rise to the underutilization of the resources that promoters aimed to exploit. In fact, it takes so long to approve a project that the time required for its implementation is excessively delayed. An ethical problem rises with this phenomenon. In these cases, projects may not go forward and all the amounts spent in the project will be lost. Often, a viable project simply is gone, with the inherent losses of value

Anti-commons in the aquaculture sector in Portugal: entrepreneurship and bureaucracy

Last decades of the 20th century have shown many problems arisen from the emergence of commons mismanagement and under-defined property rights (The “Tragedy of the Commons”, cf. Hardin, 1968), affecting, especially, the design of environmental and natural resources management policy. In the 80s, Michelman introduced another problem, this time about the excessive fragmentation of property rights. A new concept, “anticommons”, was developed to put in evidence some problems one can see as the mirror image of traditional “Tragedy of the commons”. These problems include the under-use of resources and may come from several sources, including bureaucracy. Michelman introduced the concept of “anticommons” to explain “a type of property in which everyone always has rights respecting the objects in the regime, and no one, consequently, is ever privileged to use any of them except as particularly authorized by others”. In this sense, “anticommons” is seen as a property regime in which multiple owners hold effective rights of exclusion in a scarce resource. The problem stands in this: coexistence of multiple exclusion rights creates conditions for suboptimal use of the common resource. Buchanan and Yoon (2000) suggested a special view of this problem. The authors stated that the anti-commons construction offers an analytical tool for isolating a central feature of “sometimes disparate institutional structures”. This means that the inefficiencies introduced by overlapping and intrusive regulatory bureaucracies may be studied with the help of this conceptualization. When an entrepreneur seeks to invest in a project and his action is inhibited by the necessity of getting permits from several national and regional agencies, each one holding exclusion rights to the project, we may face the “Tragedy of the Anticommons”. In this context, the possible emergence of a situation of anticommons can create a lot of problems in the development of local initiatives of entrepreneurship, affecting the potential of innovation and of regional development. There are only a few empirical studies on anticommons tragedies in the real world, most of them focusing on pharmaceutics industry. The main purpose of this paper is to use this conceptualization to study the design and execution of aquaculture policy in Portugal and to introduce the possible emergence of an “anticommons tragedy” when we approach the difficult process of approval and execution of projects of aquaculture in the Portuguese coastal areas. Our results are consistent with the suggestion of Buchanan and Yoon (2000).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Unemployment period quantitative approach through infinite servers queue systems

WOS:000394099300014This paper stands over the (Ferreira, Filipe and Coelho, 2014) work. There using results on the infinite servers queue systems with Poisson arrivals -M vertical bar G vertical bar infinity queues -busy period, it is presented an application of those queue systems in the unemployment periods time length parameters and distribution function study. It is now completed with an economic analysis aiming the evaluation of the assistance costs due. These queue systems are adequate to the study of many population processes, and this quality is brought in here. The results presented are mainly on unemployment periods length and their number in a certain time interval. Also, some questions regarding the practical applications of the outlined formulas are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

About commons and tragedies reviewing a concept

Metaphors are very important for Economics as Science, both in terms of reasoning and rationale, and in its teaching. The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a very particular example, originating in the scientific area of the Natural Resources and Environment Economy of one of these metaphors and their effects. Dealing with property rights lends itself to misunderstandings since important researchers in this area do not distinguish between "common property" and "nonproperty", although this definition is crucial for the design of the Natural Resources Management Policy. Along this paper it is intended to rectify this confusion and to establish an adequate conceptualizationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Unemployment Modelled Through M|G|? Systems

Using the results on the M|G|? queue busy period, it is presented an application of this queue system in the unemployment periods parameters and distribution fubction study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Unemployment modelled through M|G|? systems (Revisited)

Here it is resumed the work presented in Ferreira, Filipe and Coelho (2014) where, using the results on the M|G|∞ queue busy period, it is presented an application of this queue system in the unemployment periods’ parameters and distribution function study. Now it is completed with an evaluation of the assistance costs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Inefficient utilization of resources - an anti-commons view in the fishing sector: the aquaculture problem

Anti-Commons Theory is a very recent development in the area of property rights. It intends to explain why an "anti-commons" emerges and why resources may be prone to underuse. In an anti-commons situation there are too many exclusion rights that lead to the under-use of resources. In Portugal, too many people (and institutions) have been involved in the approval processes of aquaculture projects. They may be involved in reaching a decision about the approval of a project which gives rise to the under-utilization of the resources promoters aimed to exploit. In fact, it takes so long to approve a project that the time required for its implementation is excessively delayed

Facing anti-commons in aquaculture projects in Portugal - an ethical problem in fisheries

This work intends to show how ethical problems occur when bureaucracy is present in aquaculture projects which are intended to be exploited. The delay of projects approval generates loss of value once projects may not be implemented or implemented after the suitable time. Theory of anti-commons is presented in the contextualization of the problem. When an “anti-commons” emerges, resources may be prone to under-use. In an anti-commons situation, there are too many exclusion rights that lead to the under-use of resources. In Portugal, bureaucracy in projects approval contributes to such a situation of anti-commons