A IMPORTÂNCIA DAS MACRÓFITAS AQUÁTICAS NO CICLO DO MERCÚRIO NA BACIA DO RIO TAPAJÓS (PA)

Studies about the mercury (Hg) cycle in the Amazon region indicate that deforestation is a main source of Hg to aquatic systems. The atmospheric Hg deposits in soil have a great affinity with Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) oxyhidroxides that are carried to waters by runoff during rainy season. Constituting the fine particulate matter (FPM), Hg is accumulated in aquatic macrophytes roots, a main site of methylmercury (MeHg) production, permitting biomagnification of the neurotoxic MeHg. During wet season, the organic material, humic and fulvic acids and Hg associated to clayed sediments from inundated forest seem to intensify biotic and abiotic Hg methylation. The reducing and acidic conditions may facilitate the bioavailability of the reactive Hg and a higher transference of the produced MeHg is expected as a function of microbial activity and diversity. During the dry season, Hg may return to the atmospheric and terrestrial systems as a consequence of macrophyte decomposition.Os estudos sobre o ciclo do mercúrio (Hg) na região amazônica durante os últimos 20 anos indicam que a atual fonte de contaminação do meio aquático é o desmatamento. O Hg que se deposita no sistema terrestre tem grande afinidade com os oxihidróxidos de Ferro (Fe) e Alumínio (Al), que são carreados por lixiviação durante o período de chuvas. Esses elementos integram o material particulado fino (MPF) e são acumulados em raízes de macrófitas aquáticas, principal local de formação do metilmercúrio (MeHg), composto neurotóxico biomagnificado na cadeia trófica. Durante o período de cheia, a inundação da floresta fornece material orgânico, ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos e Hg junto com sedimentos argilosos, que formam um ambiente favorável à metilação biótica e abiótica do Hg. As condições reduzidas e de pH ácido podem favorecer a biodisponibilidade do Hg e a diversidade e atividade de microrganismos podem intensificar o processo de transferência trófica do MeHg produzido. Durante o período de seca, as macrófitas se decompõem e o Hg, possivelmente, retorna aos sistemas atmosférico e terrestre.

Effect of partial soil wetting on transpiration, vegetative growth and root system of young orange trees

The wetted area fraction is a factor critical to the success of drip irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of partial soil wetting on transpiration, vegetative growth and root system of young orange trees. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse where plants were grown in 0.5 m3boxes internally divided into compartments. The wetting of 12 % of soil area was tested on two types of soil cultivated with ‘Valencia’ orange trees grafted onto Rangpur lime and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstocks. Transpiration was determined in 40 plants. Water extraction and root density were evaluated in the compartments. Transpiration is reduced by restriction in wetted soil area, and such reduction is influenced by the number of days after the beginning of partial irrigation, atmospheric evaporative demand and plant phenological stage. Mean transpiration of plants with partial irrigation was equivalent to 84 % of the mean transpiration of plants with 100 % of wetted soil area in the period studied. However, after 156 days of imposing partial irrigation there was no difference in transpiration between treatments. Plant acclimation was caused by an increase in root concentration in the irrigated area. After a period of acclimation, if the entire root system is wetted, soil water extraction becomes proportional to the percentage of wetted area after a short period of time. Despite the reduction in transpiration, there was no difference between treatments with 12 % and 100 % of wetted soil area in terms of vegetative growth

SPIRE: a Searchable, Planetary-scale mIcrobiome REsource

Meta'omic data on microbial diversity and function accrue exponentially in public repositories, but derived information is often siloed according to data type, study or sampled microbial environment. Here we present SPIRE, a Searchable Planetary-scale mIcrobiome REsource that integrates various consistently processed metagenome-derived microbial data modalities across habitats, geography and phylogeny. SPIRE encompasses 99 146 metagenomic samples from 739 studies covering a wide array of microbial environments and augmented with manually-curated contextual data. Across a total metagenomic assembly of 16 Tbp, SPIRE comprises 35 billion predicted protein sequences and 1.16 million newly constructed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of medium or high quality. Beyond mapping to the high-quality genome reference provided by proGenomes3 (http://progenomes.embl.de), these novel MAGs form 92 134 novel species-level clusters, the majority of which are unclassified at species level using current tools. SPIRE enables taxonomic profiling of these species clusters via an updated, custom mOTUs database (https://motu-tool.org/) and includes several layers of functional annotation, as well as crosslinks to several (micro-)biological databases. The resource is accessible, searchable and browsable via http://spire.embl.de