8,914 research outputs found
Double Diffusion Encoding Prevents Degeneracy in Parameter Estimation of Biophysical Models in Diffusion MRI
Purpose: Biophysical tissue models are increasingly used in the
interpretation of diffusion MRI (dMRI) data, with the potential to provide
specific biomarkers of brain microstructural changes. However, the general
Standard Model has recently shown that model parameter estimation from dMRI
data is ill-posed unless very strong magnetic gradients are used. We analyse
this issue for the Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging with
Diffusivity Assessment (NODDIDA) model and demonstrate that its extension from
Single Diffusion Encoding (SDE) to Double Diffusion Encoding (DDE) solves the
ill-posedness and increases the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Methods:
We analyse theoretically the cumulant expansion up to fourth order in b of SDE
and DDE signals. Additionally, we perform in silico experiments to compare SDE
and DDE capabilities under similar noise conditions. Results: We prove
analytically that DDE provides invariant information non-accessible from SDE,
which makes the NODDIDA parameter estimation injective. The in silico
experiments show that DDE reduces the bias and mean square error of the
estimation along the whole feasible region of 5D model parameter space.
Conclusions: DDE adds additional information for estimating the model
parameters, unexplored by SDE, which is enough to solve the degeneracy in the
NODDIDA model parameter estimation.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figure
(1S,2R,6R,7aS)-1,2,6-Trihydroxyhexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-3-one
In the title compound, C7H11NO4, prepared via a Morita–Baylis–Hillman adduct, the five-membered ring bearing three O atoms approximates to a twisted conformation, whereas the other ring is close to an envelope, with a C atom in the flap position. The dihedral angle between their mean planes (all atoms) is 23.11 (9)°. The new stereocenters are created in a trans-diaxial configuration. In the crystal, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds link the molecules, generating a three-dimensional network. A weak C—H⋯O interaction also occurs
(1S,2S,6R,7aR)-2-Benzyl-1,6-dihydroxyhexahydropyrrolizin-3-one
In the title compound, C14H17NO3, the dihedral angles show that the H atoms at two stereocenters are in a trans-diaxial configuration. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The absolute configuration of the molecule has been established on the basis of refinement of the Hooft and Flack parameters
Robustness of bipartite Gaussian entangled beams propagating in lossy channels
Subtle quantum properties offer exciting new prospects in optical
communications. Quantum entanglement enables the secure exchange of
cryptographic keys and the distribution of quantum information by
teleportation. Entangled bright beams of light attract increasing interest for
such tasks, since they enable the employment of well-established classical
communications techniques. However, quantum resources are fragile and undergo
decoherence by interaction with the environment. The unavoidable losses in the
communication channel can lead to a complete destruction of useful quantum
properties -- the so-called "entanglement sudden death". We investigate the
precise conditions under which this phenomenon takes place for the simplest
case of two light beams and demonstrate how to produce states which are robust
against losses. Our study sheds new light on the intriguing properties of
quantum entanglement and how they may be tamed for future applications.Comment: To be published - Nature Photonic
Caracterização parcial de geminivirus de feijoeiro e de plantas daninhas coletadas em campo de feijoeiro.
O feijoeiro continua sendo severamente afetado pela presença do mosaico dourado, causado pelo Bean Golden mosaic virus (BGMV). Epidemias de mosca branca (Bemisia tabaci) 2012/2013 causou grandes perdas principalmente devido ao BGMV. Foram coletadas amostras de plantas com sintomas de geminiviroses em Phaseolus vulgaris de Ponte Nova - PN (MG), Sida sp, e Nicandra physaloides, em Santo Antônio de Goiás (GO)
Disentanglement in Bipartite Continuous-Variable Systems
Entanglement in bipartite continuous-variable systems is investigated in the
presence of partial losses, such as those introduced by a realistic quantum
communication channel, e.g. by propagation in an optical fiber. We find that
entanglement can vanish completely for partial losses, in a situa- tion
reminiscent of so-called entanglement sudden death. Even states with extreme
squeezing may become separable after propagation in lossy channels. Having in
mind the potential applications of such entangled light beams to optical
communications, we investigate the conditions under which entanglement can
survive for all partial losses. Different loss scenarios are examined and we
derive criteria to test the robustness of entangled states. These criteria are
necessary and sufficient for Gaussian states. Our study provides a framework to
investigate the robustness of continuous-variable entanglement in more complex
multipartite systems.Comment: Phys. Rev. A (in press
Modeling the ecology and evolution of biodiversity: Biogeographical cradles, museums, and graves
Individual processes shaping geographical patterns of biodiversity are increasingly understood, but their complex interactions on broad spatial and temporal scales remain beyond the reach of analytical models and traditional experiments. To meet this challenge, we built a spatially explicit, mechanistic simulation model implementing adaptation, range shifts, fragmentation, speciation, dispersal, competition, and extinction, driven by modeled climates of the past 800,000 years in South America. Experimental topographic smoothing confirmed the impact of climate heterogeneity on diversification. The simulations identified regions and episodes of speciation (cradles), persistence (museums), and extinction (graves). Although the simulations had no target pattern and were not parameterized with empirical data, emerging richness maps closely resembled contemporary maps for major taxa, confirming powerful roles for evolution and diversification driven by topography and climate
Centrifuge Modelling of Earthquake Effects in Uniform Deposits of Saturated Sand
Centrifuge models representing level uniform saturated deposits of relatively loose and dense sand were tested at Cambridge University\u27s Schofield Centre to clarify the behaviour of these deposits under earthquake loading. The excess pore pressure, vertical propagation of the accelerations and ground surface settlements resulting from a model earthquake are presented and discussed. The results show that, for similar dynamic loading, the models undergo large shear stiffness degradation resulting from significant pore pressure build up, this taking place at a slower rate in the dense sand. As a result of the cyclic loading, the models suffer settlements, occurring mostly during the event, that are noticeably smaller in the dense model. The upwards propagation of the accelerations through the model depends on the relative density of the sand and changes during the seismic event, following degradation of sand mechanical properties. Large short-duration acceleration spikes are observed near the surface of the dense model, corresponding to large amplification of input acceleration. The results presented and discussed contribute to the understanding of the basic mechanisms of earthquake-induced liquefaction and the use of densification as a measure to mitigate its effects
- …