Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees

Percepções do médico-chefe a respeito de atividades educativas em Postos de Assistência Médica Perceptions of head doctors regarding the educational activities undertaken in Municipal Health Services

Realizou-se pesquisa com médicos-chefe dos Postos de Assistência Médica (PAMs) da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, Brasil, com o objetivo de investigar seus conhecimentos, expectativas e predisposições em participar e incentivar as programações educativas nos PAMs. Utilizou-se questionário, com questões abertas e fechadas que foi respondido por 88,6% dos médicos-chefe dos PAMs. Os resultados demonstraram que o conceito de saúde da maioria dos médicos-chefe dos PAMS (66,3%) coincide com o emitido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Apenas 2,9% consideram que saúde está relacionada a qualidade de vida. Educação em saúde foi considerada por 70,0% como transmissão de informação; somente 6,7% reconheceram sua responsabilidade no processo de transformação social e de saúde. Na visão de 68,2% as ações educativas são reconhecidas como úteis para conscientizar o usuário sobre a importância do tratamento de doenças. Essas ações, seu planejamento, execução e avaliação são reconhecidas como responsabilidade de todos que trabalham nos PAMs mas, especialmente, das enfermeiras, assistentes sociais e educadores de saúde pública. Dificuldades foram mencionadas na execução de atividades educativas, referentes à falta de material suficiente e local adequado para sua realização, falta do educador de saúde pública e, principalmente, falta de motivação de funcionários e da própria população. A maioria dos médicos-chefe reconhece a importância das ações educativas, reconhece que são desenvolvidas por pelo menos parte de sua equipe embora, muitas vezes, precariamente, com dificuldades técnicas e administrativas.<br>The results of a research project carried out along with head-physicians of the Municipal Health Services (PAMs) of the city of S. Paulo in order to survey their knowledge, expectations and willingness to participate in and incentivate educational programs in the various PAMs, are reported on. An open-ended questionnaire was answered by 88.6% of the head-physicians. Results showed that the concept of health of the majority of the PAMs' head-physicians (66.3%) was coincidental with that adopted by the WHO. Only 2.9% considered that health is related to quality of life. Health education was seen as the provision of information by 70.0%; only 6.7% recognized their responsibility for the process of social and health change. According to 68.2% of them, health actions were acknowledged to be useful tools for making the users aware of the importance of having the diseases treated. Health actions, their planing, implementation and evaluation were considered to be the responsibility of all who work at the PAMs, but mainly of nurses, social workers and the health educator. Some difficulties in implementing educational activities were indicated; among them being lack of sufficient material and adequate space for their implementation, lack of professional Public Health Educators and, mainly, a lack of motivation on the part of both staff and population. The majority of the head-physicians recognized that educational activities are important, that they are carried out at least by part of their staffs, although frequently hampered by technical and operational difficulties

Validity of self reported utilisation of primary health care services in an urban population in Spain

STUDY OBJECTIVE—To assess the validity and factors related with the validity of self reported numbers of visits to a primary health care centre, in comparison with the recorded number.
DESIGN—Cross sectional study.
SETTING—The urban area served by the Zaidín-Sur Primary Health Care Centre (Granada, Spain).
PARTICIPANTS—Two population samples (236 high users and 420 normal users) who were seen at the centre from 1985 to 1991 were interviewed in 1993.
MAIN RESULTS—A net tendency to overreport the actual number of visits was observed. Absolute concordance between self reported and recorded utilisation decreased as time interval lengthened, although this mainly reflected the increase in maximum variability both with time interval length and with the number of recorded visits. Corrected Spearman ρ coefficients obtained between the number of self reported and recorded visits ranged from 0.602 for the two weeks before the interview to 0.678 for the year before. Regression slopes of self reported utilisation upon recorded utilisation did not change between periods. In multiple regression analyses the actual number of visits was the main factor associated with both underreporting and overreporting. Older age was also significantly associated with underreporting. Poor health status and high satisfaction with health care were significantly associated with overreporting.
CONCLUSIONS—There was a substantial degree of inaccuracy in self reported utilisation, with a net tendency to overreport the number of visits. In relative terms, however, accuracy of self reports did not seem to decrease appreciably as the recall time lengthened. To compare the accuracy of different measures, it is important to take into account the maximum variability of each one. Otherwise, contradictory results may be obtained.


Keywords: self reported utilisation; primary health care; validit

Relationship between quality of care, staffing levels, skill mix and nurse autonomy: literature review

AimsThis paper reports a literature review exploring the relationship between quality of care and selected organizational variables through a consideration of what is meant by perceptions of quality, whose perceptions are accorded prominence, and whether changes in staffing, skill mix and autonomy affect perceptions of quality.BackgroundThree basic ideas underpin this literature review: the growing focus on quality improvement in health care, concerns about the quality of care, and the move towards patient involvement and consultation. Of particular interest is the way in which changes in nurse staffing, skill mix and autonomy may affect the delivery of quality patient care.MethodsA search was conducted using the CINAHL, Medline and Embase databases. Key words used were quality of health care; quality of nursing care; nurse; patient; skill mix; nurse-patient ratio; outcomes; adverse health care events and autonomy. The objective was to draw together a diverse collection of literature related to the field of health care quality. Papers were included for their relevance to the field of enquiry. The original search was conducted in 2003 and updated in 2004.FindingsQuality of care is a complex, multi-dimensional concept which presents researchers with a challenge when attempting to evaluate it. Traditional nursing assessment tools have fallen out of use, partly because they have failed to provide opportunities to engage with and access the views of patients or nurses. There is also evidence that patient satisfaction as an indicator of quality is compromised on a number of fronts. There is conflicting information on how nurses and patients think about quality. Research looking at the relationship between the selected organizational variables and perceptions of quality also suffers from a number of limitations. We argue that there is a requirement for more patient-centred research exploring perceptions of quality and differences in nurse staffing, skill mix and autonomy.Veronica Currie, Gill Harvey, Elizabeth West, Hugh McKenna, Sinead Keene